الأنطولوجيا عند كريستيان فولف الخطيب، محمد حبيب سلمان
Literature of Kufa,
2023, Letnik:
15, Številka:
55
Journal Article
Recenzirano
يعد الفيلسوف الألماني كريستيان فولف ممثلا بارزا لفلسفة التنوير في ألمانيا في القرن الثامن عشر، وحظيت مؤلفاه ذات الطابع التعليمي بشهرة واسعة، وكان لها أثرها على المفكرين في عصره وما تلاه من مدد زمنية، ...ولذلك نجد لها أثرا واضحا عند إيمانويل كانط، كما أثر في فلسفة فريدريك هيغل، وعلى الرغم من ذلك عد فولف عند أغلب الباحثين بالمتابع لفلسفة لايبنتز، وأنه مفتقر للأصالة الفكرية، والذي اتضح من خلال البحث أنه صحيح في الإطار العام، وليس بشكل مطلق، إذ كانت لفولف مسائل عارض فيها فلسفة لايبنتز، ومنها رفضه المذهب الواحدي (المونادات)، كذلك رفضه للمنطق الرياضي الذي دعا إليه لايبنتز، وذهب إلى أن المنهج الأمثل للفلسفة هو المنهج الاستنباطي.
In 1816 the Friends Tract Association published an excerpt from John Woolman’s first antislavery essay Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes with every reference to slavery edited out. The ...editors wanted to highlight Woolman’s ‘general’ message, that those who maintained their health, lived humbly and served God were rewarded with true happiness. In the excerpt, using biblical citations and an invocation of the early Quaker colonisation of the Delaware Valley, Woolman asserted that God rewards his servants. The excerpt successfully highlights this easily overlooked feature of Woolman’s lifelong ministry, but by omitting Woolman’s discussion of slavery it violated his original intention. The excerpt appeared in the last year of Quaker consensus on the issue of slavery. The editors believed they could set the issue aside because they thought the Quakers were in agreement on it, but shortly after their excerpt appeared the Quaker consensus on slavery fell apart.
This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0.
Hammerschmidt focuses on Jane Collier's copy of a letter in the Richardson correspondence. It is well known that Samuel Richardson developed extensive correspondence networks in both fact and fiction ...throughout his life. Much of the earliest surviving correspondence deals with his first work of fiction, the self-consciously novel and novelistic Pamela (1740). In fact, it was probably in response to the success of this novel and to the correspondence it generated that Richardson began to collect and keep copies of the letters he wrote and received.
In late 18th century Britain, typhus fever plagued the mass mobilisation of soldiers and posed a significant challenge to physicians of the time. Epidemic typhus was spread through highly infectious ...faeces of infected lice and carried a high mortality in patients and healthcare staff alike. Physicians James Carmichael Smyth (1741–1821) and Archibald Menzies (1754–1842) theorized that typhus fever was caused by infection of human exhalation. They trialled the use of vapourised nitrous acid to fumigate patients, their clothes and their bedspace, with apparent success. Despite this, typhus fever continued to ravage deployments of soldiers into the early 19th century, stimulating the continuing evolution of the understanding of typhus and its treatment.
L'eroe cinese is a very important work in the history of operatic theatre in Warsaw (that was a cultural centre of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as it is the first opera seria in the strict ...sense of the term that was staged here and the first of a series of Johann Adolf Hasse's opere serie staged subsequently between 1759 and 1763 in the King's Opernhaus of August III in Warsaw (the theatre itself was opened in 1748). It is probable that 1754 performance was led by the composer himself. The opera was accompanied by ballets choreographed by Antoine Pitrot, including the concluding ballet chinois pantomime (possibly a ballet d'action, thus one of the earliest examples of the genre) and L'adoration de la pagode. L'eroe cinese was, therefore, of particular importance for the theatrical and literary culture of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The libretto by Metastasio was printed in Warsaw in its original Italian version as well as Italian-French and Italian-German editions. Moreover, in 1755 a Polish translation Bohatyr chiński was issued in print. To stage the opera in Warsaw in honour of August III's birthday (7 October), the 150-strong artistic and technical personnel serving Dresden Electoral Court moved to the Polish capital. Amongst the numerous spectators of the eight performances were not only the King and the Queen, their two sons and almighty Minister Heinrich von Brühl but also aristocratic elite of the Commonwealth including the future King Stanisław August Poniatowski. The focus of the paper is placed on the special circumstances of Warsaw staging of L'eroe cinese, then the Author deals with ideological overtones and form of the Metastasian libretto (Vienna, 1752) as well as its musical setting by Hasse (Hubertusburg, 1753), in both cases Warsaw version bearing minor differences from original settings.
'If ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author, this appears to me to be the book.'
William Godwin, the author's future husband, was not alone in admiring Letters written ...during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, Wollstonecraft's most popular book during her lifetime. Not easy to categorize, it is both an arresting travel book and a moving exploration of her personal and political selves. Wollstonecraft set out for Scandinavia just two weeks after her first suicide attempt, on a mission from the lover whose affections she doubted, to recover his silver
on a ship that had gone missing. With her baby daughter and a nursemaid, she travelled across the dramatic landscape and wrote sublime descriptions of the natural world, and the events and people she encountered. What emerges most vividly is Wollstonecraft's courage and ability to look beyond her own
suffering to the turmoil around her in revolutionary Europe, and a better future.
This edition includes further material on the silver ship, Wollstonecraft's personal letters to Imlay during her trip, an extract from Godwin's memoir, and a selection of contemporary reviews.
ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.
A biography of the American Gilbert Imlay (c 1754 - c 1828), revolutionary war veteran - and infamous lover of Mary Wollstonecraft. It also highlights how Imlay unwittingly acted as an intermediary ...between figures of greater significance, whose ideas, ambitions and schemes he frequently borrowed and disseminated across the Atlantic and continents.
This article contextualizes Johann Jakob Breitinger's Critische Dichtkunst (1740) within a transdisciplinary discourse on Aufmerksamkeit (attention) in eighteenth-century epistemology and science. I ...argue that Breitinger's adaptation of the epistemology of attention defines his most distinctive poetological concepts, including his notion of poetry as a type of painting (poetische Mahlerey), his elevation of the new (das Neue) and the marvelous (das Wunderbare) into central categories of poetics, and his subversion of the traditional principle of imitation of nature (Nachahmung der Natur). Excavating Breitinger's revision of poetics on the basis of a representationalist concept of attention recovers the Critische Dichtkunst as an important forerunner of Alexander Baumgarten's momentous conjunction of artistic production and sense perception in a single discipline of aesthetics. Finally, the article demonstrates the transdisciplinary potency of the concept of attention in the early eighteenth century, well before the late-nineteenth-century rise of empirical psychology highlighted by conventional accounts of the emergence of attention as a key concern of modern culture.
Anton Wilhelm Amo Mabe, Jacob Emmanuel; Oguejiofor, J. Obi
2014
eBook
Wilhelm Anton Amo is probably the only African personality that took part with his own writings in the intellectual discourses of the 18th Century in Europe. There is no contradiction between his ...personal thought and the general spirit of the Enlightenment. Amo debated on all the important questions of philosophy at the time – from metaphysics through logic and epistemology to political philosophy and philosophy of language. But his intellectual works remain till today unknown. The present increasing interest in his person no doubt arises from the growing importance of intercultural philosophy. This book is an introduction to his philosophical system. Amo understands philosophy as a manner of thinking that aims at perfection. Perfection is rooted in the self preservation and security of the individual as well as the preservation and moral perfection of the whole of humanity. In addition, the book dwells on materialism at the centre of which stands dualism of body and soul. The human soul is an immaterial essence without the faculty of sensation. The book also discusses Hermeneutics under which Amo examines the problem of prejudice and objective understanding. He warns in this regard against doctrinaire interpretation which observes only the rules of logic and grammar and which ignores personal opinions that luck behind texts. The book ends with the question of the meaning of Amo for world philosophy.The Author: Born in 1959 in Cameroon, Jacob Emmanuel Mabe is Dr. in philosophy and Dr. in Political Science, Professor of Intercultural Philosophy at the France-Centre of the Free University of Berlin. He is the editor and co-author of the first African encyclopedia in the German Language. His research interest is in the areas of cultural philosophy, African and European intellectual history, French philosophy, political philosophy, intercultural and international ethics.
PDF
