The National Assembly (Narodna skupština) of the Principality of Serbia was for the most part an advisory body until the 'Regency' Constitution of 1869 gave it legislative powers (although inferior ...to the prince's, as it had no legislative initiative) and a more (though not completely) democratic composition. On the one hand, the subsequent National Assembly that convened in 1870 was held according to the provisions of the new constitution of 1869 and was tasked, among other things, to pass a number of organic laws that would regulate the constitutional framework in more detail. On the other hand, the members of the National Assembly had no experience in legislation or other new powers that the National Assembly gained in 1869, and their overall level of education was fairly low. Just as the Regency Constitution of 1869 was a compromise and a middle phase that led to, but did not yet introduce, parliamentarism in Serbia, this first session of the reformed National Assembly was a middle phase in its conquest of legislative power. This article analyses the work of the 1870 National Assembly and shows to what extent the democratic elements newly prescribed by the constitution were actually present in its proceedings.
This social and cultural history of Civil War medicine and science sheds important light on the question of why and how anti-Black racism survived the destruction of slavery. During the war, white ...Northerners promoted ideas about Black inferiority under the guise of medical and scientific authority. In particular, the Sanitary Commission and Army medical personnel conducted wartime research aimed at proving Black medical and biological inferiority. They not only subjected Black soldiers and refugees from slavery to substandard health care but also scrutinized them as objects of study. This mistreatment of Black soldiers and civilians extended after life to include dissection, dismemberment, and disposal of the Black war dead in unmarked or mass graves and medical waste pits. Simultaneously, white medical and scientific investigators enhanced their professional standing by establishing their authority on the science of racial difference and hierarchy. Drawing on archives of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, recollections of Civil War soldiers and medical workers, and testimonies from Black Americans, Leslie A. Schwalm exposes the racist ideas and practices that shaped wartime medicine and science. Painstakingly researched and accessibly written, this book helps readers understand the persistence of anti-Black racism and health disparities during and after the war.
Las facultades de Teología y Derecho Canónico que habían tenido un papel destacado en las universidades, fueron suprimidas por el Estado en el siglo XIX, pues se consideró beneficioso separar la ...ciencia universitaria y la teología para evitar conflictos entre el Estado y la Iglesia. La supresión de las facultades de teología y Derecho Canónico tuvo efectos y consecuencias negativas que afectaron al alumnado y al profesorado. Analizaremos la biografía poco conocida del Catedrático y Doctor José Mateos-Gago y Fernández de Teología de la Universidad de Sevilla, quien tuvo que padecer la supresión de la Facultad de Teología en un contexto histórico, social y político y quien, de forma valiente, objetó conciencia a través de un juramento condicional a la Constitución de 1869, enfrentándose a la misma en la defensa de libertades fundamentales que le llevarían a suspensión de empleo y sueldo en la Universidad. Para ello, se ha podido estudiar documentos históricos inéditos que han permitido alcanzar de forma cualitativa los objetivos planteados, siendo el doctor Mateos-Gago repuesto en su derecho del que se vio privado ante un juramente constitucional impuesto, en defensa de sus convicciones íntimas y arraigadas en su conciencia.
Este trabajo pretende mostrar la composición y actuación de la minoría parlamentaria carlista durante las Cortes constituyentes de 1869 a 1871. La labor de la llamada «montaña blanca» fue la ...expresión del proyecto del nuevo carlismo, empeñado en vincular su causa política con la defensa del catolicismo frente a la revolución, como el elemento más común y movilizador de los españoles de la época. En consecuencia, esta minoría se sumó a toda iniciativa para censurar al Gobierno y a la Regencia, presentó enmiendas y propuestas para sostener la unidad católica y los intereses de la Iglesia, y realizó discursos propagandísticos. Además, llevó a cabo con eficacia el obstruccionismo parlamentario técnico, en colaboración con la minoría republicana, para impedir y ralentizar la labor legislativa de la mayoría.
For many mammals living at higher latitudes, food scarcity and snow-hindered movements associated with their first winter are synonymous of trying months. In addition, most wild animals have to cope ...with parasites. Many studies have been conducted on captive animals to assess consequences parasitism on health over winter, but comparable studies on wild populations are scarce for large mammals. Here, we performed winter tick ( Dermacentor albipictus Packard, 1869) counts and collected body condition data (mass and hematological parameters) on 15 moose ( Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)) calves from two distinct climatic regions in northern and southern New Brunswick (Canada) in January. The same calves were recaptured 3 months later to observe variation in body condition parameters. Higher tick loads and more drastic changes of hematological parameters, such as hematocrit and creatinine in southern individuals, suggested that this population might be suffering more from the consequences of winter tick infestation than the northernmost population. However, other parameters that were not measured in our study, such as quantity and quality of food, could influence moose calves body condition at the southeastern limit of their range.
American Civil War;Virginia;Gender History;Confederate Nationalism;Citizenship;southern women;female enslavers;Richmond Bread Riot;Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association;Ladies Defense Association;Home for ...Needy Confederate Women
One of the outstanding painters of the nineteenth century,
Francisco Laso (1823-1869) set out to give visual form to modern
Peru. His solemn and still paintings of indigenous subjects were
part of a ...larger project, spurred by writers and intellectuals
actively crafting a nation in the aftermath of independence from
Spain. In this book, at once an innovative account of modern
indigenism and the first major monograph on Laso, Natalia Majluf
explores the rise of the image of the Indian in literature and
visual culture. Reading Laso's works through a broad range of
sources, Majluf traces a decisive break in a long history of
representations of indigenous peoples that began with the Spanish
conquest. She ties this transformation to the modern concept of
culture, which redefined both the artistic field and the notion of
indigeneity. As an abstraction produced through indigenist
discourse, an icon of authenticity, and a densely racialized
cultural construct, the Indian would emerge as a central symbol of
modern Andean nationalisms.
Inventing Indigenism brings the work and influence of
this extraordinary painter to the forefront as it offers a broad
perspective on the dynamics of art and visual culture in
nineteenth-century Latin America.
This article analyses the framework of political initiation set up in Madrid after the Spanish Revolution of 1868 and the approval of the decree on the exercise of universal male suffrage. From a ...reinterpretation of the documentation processed by the City Council of Madrid for the general election of January 1869, three specific issues are discussed. Firstly, the articulation of the technical cultures that guided the social extension of the vote. Second, the role played by local political actors in arbitration and mediation of suffrage from the polling stations. And finally, the peculiarities of voting at social and community level, through a microhistorical approach.
Este artículo analiza el escenario de iniciación política abierto en Madrid tras la Revolución de 1868 y la aprobación del sufragio universal masculino. Desde
la relectura de la documentación tramitada por el Ayuntamiento de Madrid en las elecciones generales de enero de 1869, se exploran tres cuestiones. Primero, el
proceso de articulación de las culturas técnicas que guiaron la extensión social del voto. En segundo lugar, el papel de los actores políticos locales en el arbitraje y la mediación del sufragio desde las mesas electorales. Y finalmente, las particularidades que revistió la práctica del voto en el marco socio-comunitario de la
ciudad, desde un enfoque microhistórico.
Maksoud Boghos Cololian est né le 12 décembre 1869, à Ortakeuy, un faubourg de Constantinople. Quand il fut en âge d’apprendre, le jeune Maksoud Boghos fut envoyé à l’école arménienne de Berberian où ...il acquit, avec une instruction soignée, le goût des lettres et la connaissance de la langue française. Sorti de cet établissement, il quitte l’Arménie pour la France. En septembre 1889, il s’inscrit à la faculté de médecine de Paris. Externe (1891) puis interne des asiles de la Seine (1894), il est docteur en médecine en 1898. Il acquit sous la direction de grands spécialistes (Briand, Garnier, Magnan, Taguet) une profonde connaissance de la psychiatrie. Membre de la Société Médico-Psychologique en 1902, il a gardé de son externat dans le service de Nicolas Augustin Gilbert (1858–1927) un attrait pour la médecine générale. C’est à celle-ci qu’il voue son activité en libéral rue de Ponthieu à Paris, sans oublier pour autant sa formation en psychiatrie. Engagé volontaire dès le début des hostilités en 1914, Cololian, ancien sujet ottoman, reçut aussitôt la naturalisation française avec le titre de médecin aide-major et fut nommé médecin chef des centres de physiothérapie de Versailles, de Grignon (V.R 69 et 74) et intervint à l’hôpital des Officiers à Versailles. Naturalisé, il prend le prénom de Paul. S’occupant de grands blessés de guerre, il devient un précurseur dans le domaine de la rééducation mécanothérapique en inventant plusieurs instruments de mécanothérapie et des instruments de mensuration des impotences et des infirmités. En 1918, Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934) le décore personnellement de la Légion d’honneur. Plusieurs fois lauréat de l’Académie de médecine et de l’Institut, Cololian rédige des articles ou mémoires de sémiologie et de traitement psychiatrique. Il est l’auteur avec P. Garnier d’un traité de thérapeutique des maladies mentales et nerveuses (1901). Auteur de chroniques cynégétiques dans le journal Le Figaro et de vulgarisation médicale et scientifique dans les revues : La Femme et l’Enfant, Guérir, Les Annales politiques et littéraires, Cololian y aborde des considérations hygiéniques et donne des conseils à des lecteurs ou correspondants inconnus à l’âme troublée éprouvant quelques souffrances morales. Dans sa lecture psychiatrique et psychanalytique de Madame Bovary de G. Flaubert, Cololian affirme que le créateur du freudisme est Flaubert. Face à la psychanalyse, il estime que la théorie de Freud a été poussée trop loin et par le fondateur et surtout par les élèves.
Maksoud Boghos Cololian was born December 12, 1869 in Ortakeuy. It was a suburb of Constantinople. The young Maksoud Boghos was sent to the Armenian school of Berberian when he is expected to learn to read and write in. It was here he developed a taste for litterature and the knowledge of the French language thanks to a thorough instruction. When he completed his secondary schooling, he left Armenia for France. In September 1889, he registered at the faculty of medicine of Paris. Extern in 1891 then intern from the asylums of the Seine (1894), he was appointed doctor of medicine in 1898. Cololian acquired a deep knowledge of psychiatry under the direction of great specialists (Taguet, Briand, Magnan, Garnier). Member of the Société Médico-Psychologique in 1902, his happy memories of his non-residential internship in the department of Nicolas Augustin Gilbert (1858–1927) led him to practice general medicine. That is the speciality he dedicated to as a liberal, in Paris rue de Ponthieu, without forgetting his training in psychiatry. In the Rosenwald Book, his speciality was neuropsychiatry. Considering he was a former Ottoman subject and volunteer since the beginning of hostilities in 1914, Cololian became immediately naturalized French with the title of assistant major physician medical. He was appointed head physician of the physiotherapy centers of Versailles (VR 69 and 74), Grignon and the Officers’ Hospital at Versailles. Also, he named himself Paul. He took care of war-wounded and became a precursor in the field of mechano-therapeutic on one hand, and for the measurement of impotence and infirmities one the other hand. In 1918, Cololian was decorated with the Legion of Honor by Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934) himself. Several times laureate of the Academy of Medicine and the Institute, Cololian wrote articles or memories on semiology and psychiatric treatment. He was with P. Garnier the author of a treatise on therapeutics of mental and nervous diseases (1901). Author of chronic hunting in the newspaper “Le Figaro”, medical and scientific popularization in the review “Guérir” and “La Femme et l’Enfant” and too informal written in “Les Annales politiques et littéraires”, Cololian published various articles or analyzes on studies based on morbid psychological constitutions from characters in literature, plays, movies or politics (Emma Bovary, Marie Lafarge, Hitler…). In his psychiatric and psychoanalytic reading of Flaubert's Madame Bovary, Cololian asserted that the creator of Freudianism was Flaubert. Regarding psychoanalysis, he felt Freud's theory had been taken too far by the founder and mostly by his students.
Las elecciones generales a Cortes Constituyentes de enero de 1869 son las primeras celebradas en España por sufragio universal masculino directo. Utilizando las actas de las Juntas electorales como ...fuente histórica, y con una metodología diferente a la que en su día utilizó Martínez Cuadrado, se analizan los resultados en todas las circunscripciones electorales y en el conjunto de España, así como la composición política de las Cortes salidas de la revolución de 1868. Estas elecciones fueron muy competitivas y registraron la mayor participación del Sexenio Democrático. La coalición monárquica liberal, que respaldaba al Gobierno Serrano-Prim, obtuvo una amplísima victoria sobre los republicanos y los monárquico-católicos, impulsando como mayoría parlamentaria la Constitución democrática de 1869. El estudio de la participación electoral y del apoyo ciudadano a los partidos se fundamenta en datos homogéneos. Como investigación básica sobre los resultados electorales, puede servir para elaborar nuevas comparaciones e hipótesis de trabajo.
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