Controversy has long surrounded the complex relationship between King Victor Emmanuel III and the dictator Benito Mussolini in Fascist Italy. It is clear that the king played decisive roles in ...bringing Mussolini to power in 1922 and in removing him in 1943. In between, the two coexisted as Italy became a 'dyarchy', with two foci of power. The presence of the monarchy at once checked Fascist radicalism and persuaded many conservatives to adhere to the regime. Thanks especially to the monarchy, the innovative thrust of Fascism was channelled in certain delimited directions, toward a statist economy, for example. Still, the relationship between the crown and Mussolini was often rocky, though the king's reluctance did not prevent alliance with Nazi Germany, anti-Semitism, and war. Tensions were largely papered over by rhetoric and myth-making, as if the elements of Fascism fit together neatly. Despite his opposition to certain particulars, Victor Emmanuel identified with the overall Fascist project to some extent, and he worried that outright opposition to the regime would jeopardize the monarchy. But as the Second World War went badly for Italy, the king finally deposed Mussolini. Nevertheless, Italy soon voted to eliminate the monarchy, discredited by its association with fascism.
Gumersindo de Azcárate (León, 1840- Madrid, 1917) was one the most influential Law professor and politician in Contemporary Spain. He was an active member of the so-call krausist movement that played ...a major role in Spanish culture and politics after the revolution of 1868. From both, journals and University he defended the liberal and democratic principles that lead to his ideal: a rule of law. In that context he supported the new constitution of 1869, regarded by Azcárate for the rest of his life as the best one in Spanish modern history. When the Restoration took place in 1874 and a constitutional Monarchy inspired in French doctinaires' political theory was set up, Azcárate criticised it proposing to look over the Constitution of England as a model. According to his interpretation of English constitutional system, the principle of self-government or the sovereignty of society was the key principle for building a true democratic parliamentary government based on the free association of individuals, a decentralized administration, an independent judicial power and public opinion as the very source, guide and limit of all the powers of the State. From 1886 up to 1916 Azcárate became Member of the Parliament as representative of the republican party and was actively involve in the Intitute for Social Reforms (1903) that tried to improve the condition of the working classes.
This study is the first to explain how the white American's conception of himself and his position on the continent formed his perception of the Indian and directed his selection of policy toward the ...native tribes. Sheehan presents the paradoxical and pathetic story of how the Jeffersonian generation, with the best of goodwill toward the American Indian, destroyed him with its benevolence, literally killed him with kindness.Originally published 1973.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
This study was to compare study on the effects of supplemental L-carnitine on fatty acids composition, energy status and related genes expression in Cyprinus carpio var. Jian and Rhynchocypris ...lagowskii. Different concentrations of L-carnitine were added to the basal diets of two species of fish, in which Cyprinus carpio were supplemented with 0, 50 (LC), 200 (AC) and 800 (HC) mg/kg, and Rhynchocypris lagowskii were supplemented at 0, 200 (LC), 400 (AC) and 800 (HC) mg/kg, respectively, for 8 weeks. Results showed that in liver of AC group on C. carpio, the changes of HUFA and ∑DHA+EPA showed a significant downward trend, while the changes of PUFA, EFA and ∑n3 + n6 showed an upward trend. The above trend in liver of the AC group on R. lagowskii was opposite to C. carpio. With the exception of HUFA, the changes of fatty acids of AC group in muscles of the two fish were completely different. The content of ATP and AMP in liver and muscle in AC and HC groups of two fish species showed a decreasing trend, while the change trend of ADP content was opposite. AMP/ATP ratio in liver and muscle showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing in the treatment groups of two fish species. The relative gene expression levels of AMPKα1, AMPKα2, ACC2 and CPT-I of liver and muscle in treatment groups of C. carpio showed a decreasing trend, while these values showed an opposite trend in liver of R. lagowskii. Consequently, the different fish species may be the main reason that affects the regulation of fatty acid metabolism by exogenous L-carnitine. In addition, AMPK, acting as an energy receptor is a key effector in regulation of fatty acids metabolism by L-carnitine. Further study of AMPK function in fatty acids metabolism of fish is thus warranted.
•L-carnitine has different effects on fatty acid metabolism of Cyprinus carpio var. Jian and Rhynchocypris lagowskii.•The different fish species may be the main reason affecting the regulation of fatty acid metabolism by exogenous L-carnitine.•AMPK may be a key point to further reveal the mechanism of exogenous carnitine regulating fatty acid metabolism.
This is the biography of Sherman Coolidge, Arapaho survivor of the Indian Wars, witness to the maladministration of the reservation system, mediator between Native and white worlds, and ultimate ...defender of Native rights and heritage.
To analyze the relationship between vitreous transthyretin (TTR) levels, high myopia and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
We selected 6722 individuals from the southern Jiangsu Province for diabetes and ...ophthalmic examinations. The TTR concentration in the vitreous of 50 patients with high myopia and diabetes, 50 patients with only DR, and 20 healthy controls were determined by ELISA. Key factors in Tie2 pathway in DR development including vascular endothecial growth factor (VEGF), Tie2, Angpt1, Angpt2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 1 and VEGFR2 were also detected by ELISA.
The prevalence of DR in patients with diabetes and myopia <6.00 diopter (D), diabetes and high myopia (>6.00 D), and diabetes without myopia were 11.1%, 2.5%, and 60.0%, respectively. The vitreous TTR concentration of patients with diabetes and high myopia was approximately 6.5- and 4.2-times higher than those of patients with DR and healthy controls, respectively (
<0.05). Following the vitreous TTR concentration, the levels of VEGF, Tie2, Angpt1, Angpt2, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in vitreous of diabetes and high myopia patients, DR patients and healthy controls were detected as dramatically fluctuated.
The results suggest that TTR can affect the vitreous contents of key factors in Tie2 pathway for neovascularization, and there should be a protective association between abundant TTR levels in the vitreous of highly myopic patients and a decreased risk of DR.
In this study, we determined the complete mitogenome sequence of Siberian stone loach, Barbatula toni (Dybowsky, 1869). The total length of mitogenome is 16 623 bp, which consists of 13 ...protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 1 control region (D-loop). The genome organization and gene order were identical to that of the typical vertebrates. The control region harbors conserved sequence blocks (CSB-D, E, F, CSB-1, CBS-2 and CBS-3) and TA-nucleotide microsatellite repeats in its 3′ end. The complete mitogenome may provide important molecular data for further phylogenetic analyses for higher taxa of teleost fishes, especially for the fishes in order Cypriniformes.
Svetozár Hurban Vajanský (1847 – 1916) had some contact with the Croatian environment and reflected on Croatian issues in his newspaper articles and literary texts several times. However, the book of ...his substantial correspondence only seldom features the contact with Croatian partners. The fact that Vajanský´s works were well-received in Croatia at that time can be proved by e.g. translations and reviews in the Information- overview section Listak of the magazine Vienac (1869 – 1903), which was Croatia´s most significant literary magazine in the 19th century. The subject of the paper is the contribution of the magazine Vienac to Vajanský´s reception by Croatian readers. The magazine mainly deserves credit for reassessment of his literary work, especially the prosaic part, which later resulted in publishing many translations of his proses in other Croatian literary magazines. Vajanský´s opus primarily earned praise for its aesthetic criteria and principles, which in contrast to young Croatian intellectuals was adhered to by the older, more conservative generation of Croatian writers, who in the late 19th century turned the magazine Vienac into their platform.
The enduring influence of the Catholic Church has many sources-its
spiritual and intellectual appeal, missionary achievements, wealth,
diplomatic effectiveness, and stable hierarchy. But in the first
...half of the nineteenth century, the foundations upon which the
church had rested for centuries were shaken. In the eyes of many
thoughtful people, liberalism in the guise of liberty, equality,
and fraternity was the quintessence of the evils that shook those
foundations. At the Vatican Council of 1869-1870, the church made a
dramatic effort to set things right by defining the doctrine of
papal infallibility. In Vatican I: The Council and the Making
of the Ultramontane Church, John W. O'Malley draws us into the
bitter controversies over papal infallibility that at one point
seemed destined to rend the church in two. Archbishop Henry Manning
was the principal driving force for the definition, and Lord Acton
was his brilliant counterpart on the other side. But they shrink in
significance alongside Pope Pius IX, whose zeal for the definition
was so notable that it raised questions about the very legitimacy
of the council. Entering the fray were politicians such as
Gladstone and Bismarck. The growing tension in the council played
out within the larger drama of the seizure of the Papal States by
Italian forces and its seemingly inevitable consequence, the
conquest of Rome itself. Largely as a result of the council and its
aftermath, the Catholic Church became more pope-centered than ever
before. In the terminology of the period, it became ultramontane.
Hawthorn talks about Ernest Bramah and two novels by George Orwell. In July, 1940, at the height of the Battle of Britain, George Orwell published a review of four reissued novels under the title ...Prophecies of Fascism. The works reviewed were Jack London's The Iron Heel, H. G. Wells' The Sleeper Awakes, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, and Ernest Bramah's The Secret of the League. Bramah's novel was first published in 1907 under the title What Might Have Been, but was reissued in 1909 in revised and slightly abridged form under the new title. The novel opens in a United Kingdom under a democratically elected Labor Government, which has brought about mismanagement and chaos.
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