(Headache 2011;51:752‐778)
Pain research, and headache research in particular, during the 20th century, has generated an enormous volume of literature promulgating theories, questions, and temporary ...answers. This narrative review describes the most important events in the history of migraine research between 1910 and 2010. Based on the standard textbooks of headache: Wolff's Headache (1948 and 1963) and The Headaches (1993, 2000, and 2006) topics were selected for a historical review. Most notably these included: isolation and clinical introduction of ergotamine (1918); further establishment of vasodilation in migraine and the constrictive action of ergotamine (1938); identification of pain‐sensitive structures in the head (1941); Lashley's description of spreading scotoma (1941); cortical spreading depression (CSD) of Leão (1944); serotonin and the introduction of methysergide (1959); spreading oligemia in migraine with aura (1981); oligemia in the wake of CSD in rats (1982); neurogenic inflammation theory of migraine (1987); a new headache classification (1988); the discovery of sumatriptan (1988); migraine and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (1990); the brainstem “migraine generator” and PET studies (1995); migraine as a channelopathy, including research from the genetic perspective (1996); and finally, meningeal sensitization, central sensitization, and allodynia (1996). Pathophysiological ideas have evolved within a limited number of paradigms, notably the vascular, neurogenic, neurotransmitter, and genetic/molecular biological paradigm. The application of various new technologies played an important role within these paradigms, in particular neurosurgical techniques, EEG, methods to measure cerebral blood flow, PET imaging, clinical epidemiological, genetic, and molecular biological methods, the latter putting migraine (at least hemiplegic migraine) within a completely new classification of diseases.
For more than a decade, the UCLA dynasty defined college basketball. In twelve seasons from 1964 to 1975, John Wooden's teams won ten national titles, including seven consecutive championships. The ...Bruins also rose to prominence during a turbulent age of political unrest and youthful liberation. When Lew Alcindor and Bill Walton--the most famous college basketball players of their generation--spoke out against racism, poverty, and the Vietnam War, they carved out a new role for athletes, casting their actions on and off the court in a political light. The Sons of Westwood tells the story of the most significant college basketball program at a pivotal period in American cultural history. It weaves together a story of sports and politics in an era of social and cultural upheaval, a time when college students and college athletes joined the civil rights movement, demonstrated against the Vietnam War, and rejected the dominant Cold War culture. This is the story of America's culture wars played out on the basketball court by some of college basketball's most famous players and its most memorable coach.
Indaga en el cine español, desde los comienzos de la industria hasta la actualidad, combinando algunos de los más prometedores enfoques de los estudios sobre cine con algunas de las cuestiones más ...apremiantes que han preocupado a la España del siglo XX. Texto de la editorial.
In 2011, farm commodity prices reached all-time highs and net returns for crop and livestock producers were expected to rise, despite surging production costs.1 In fact, USDA projected real net farm ...income to exceed $100 billion dollars, which is the highest inflation adjusted income since 1974.2 Since 2005, real farmland values have soared 5.6 percent per year, with more recent Federal Reserve and university land value surveys pointing to increases of 20 percent or more during 2011 (Henderson and Akers 2011; Duffy 2011). With rising land values, USDA forecasts that farmers' equity climbed to a record high of $1.8 trillion in 2011. Farmers are enjoying a boom in real farm income and wealth. Reprinted by permission of the American Agricultural Economics Association
The life cycle concept in marketing research Bauer, Martina; Auer-Srnka, Katharina J.
Journal of historical research in marketing,
01/2012, Letnik:
4, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Purpose - This research seeks to provide a historical review of the life cycle concept in marketing. The paper aims to show the development of traditional life cycle models and links to the life ...course perspective.Design methodology approach - The authors relate to life events and transitions in consumers' life trajectories, life status, role transitions, and role identities as determinants of consumer behavior. The paper reveals future research potential in the field. Essentially, the authors demonstrate the need for life cycle models grounded on empirical data and discuss related methodological issues.Findings - This paper provides a temporal systematization of theoretical and empirical life cycle research. The major outcome is an outline of conceptual and methodological research directions that enable researchers to follow the life course perspective and to derive empirically grounded life cycle models.Research limitations implications - Providing chronological literature compilations and an evolutionary review of life cycle research, the authors identify future research directions. To encourage empirical development of the concept, the article also refers to the related methodological literature.Practical implications - Both marketing thought and practitioners benefit from the insights presented. Marketing managers may better address consumers' changing needs over their lifetime, strengthen customer loyalty and reduce brand switching, thereby enhancing customer lifetime value.Originality value - This paper adds to the study of the consumer life cycle by providing a comprehensive anthology of life cycle research from 1910 to 2010. It shows major research streams and reveals future research potential in marketing.
Review of the monograph: Peter Vale, Keeping a Sharp Eye: A Century of Cartoons on South Africa’s International Relations 1910-2010, Johannesburg: Otterley Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-98114315-3-6, xiii ...+ 136 pp.Besprechung der Monographie: Peter Vale, Keeping a Sharp Eye: A Century of Cartoons on South Africa’s International Relations 1910-2010, Johannesburg: Otterley Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-98114315-3-6, xiii + 136 Seiten
Prior presents an obituary for Arthur T. Hatto, who died on Jan 6, 2010. Among other things, his early achievements as a Germanist included an acute application of phoneme theory to Old High German ...(London Medieval Studies 1937). By the late 1930s he had made contact with Inner Asian materials that sparked a lifelong interest: these were first of all Yakut folk narratives that he analyzed for inclusion in a seminar at University College London, led by his tutor Frederick Norman, on the comparative study of brother-sister folktales. In 1934 he accepted the position of Assistant Lecturer in German, King's College London, at the bottom of a ladder that, after an interruption necessitated by service to his country at Bletchley Park in the Second World War, led to his appointments as Reader (1946, by then at Queen Mary College, where he became a Governor 1968-70 and an Honorary Fellow from 1992) and Professor (1953).
A wave of capital investment has spread throughout the US farm sector in recent years. With booming farm profits, farmers have made a range of real estate investments, building new structures such as ...grain bins and machine sheds and improving productivity through expanded pivot irrigation and tiling. In addition, non-real-estate investments have soared as farmers purchased new vehicles and upgraded their equipment and machinery. This article explores the historical patterns of US farm capital investment and leverage and considers the prospects for another boom-and-bust cycle if historical patterns re-emerge. Section I examines US farm investment and leverage trends over the past century. Section II analyzes how farm profits, wealth, and interest rates each have influenced the capital investment and financing decisions of farm enterprises. Section III investigates current farm debt trends and how farm debt levels could shift over time.
Le Comite pour l’histoire économique et financière est préside par le ministre de l’Économie, des Finances et de l’Industrie, son vice-président est Maurice Levy-Leboyer. a. Commission administrative ...: Les directeurs et chefs de service du ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de l’Industrie, le gouverneur de la Banque de France, le directeur général des Archives de France, le président de la Bibliothèque de France, le président de l’Imprimerie nationale. b. Commission scientifique : Michel Aglietta, Louis Amigues, Agnes d’Angio, Michel Antoine, Guy Antonetti, Jean-Charles Asselain, Françoise Bayard, Louis Bergeron, Jean-Jacques Bienvenu, Christian de Boissieu, Eric Bussiere, Jacques Campet, Francois Caron, Philippe Contamine, Robert Frank, Patrick Fridenson, Rene Girault (†), Jean-Noel Jeanneney, Jean Kerherve, Michel Lescure, Maurice Levy-Leboyer, Michel Margairaz, Jacques Marseille, Yves Meny, Francois Monnier, Gabriel Montagnier, Alain Plessis, Raymond Poidevin (†), Albert Rigaudiere, Guy Thuillier, Jean Tulard, Denis Woronoff. La mission du Comite est de contribuer a une meilleure connaissance de l’histoire de l’État et de son rôle en matière économique et financière depuis le Moyen Age jusqu’à nos jours, de susciter des travaux scientifiques et d’en aider la diffusion.
