The 1918-19 influenza pandemic disrupted Irish society and politics. Stilling cities and towns as it passed through, it closed schools, courts and libraries, quelled trade, crammed hospitals, and ...stretched medical doctors to their limit as they treated hundreds of patients each day. It became part of a major row between nationalists and the Government over interned anti-conscription campaigners. When one campaigner died days before the 1918 general election, Sinn Fein swiftly incorporated his death into their campaign. Survivors interviewed by the author tell what it was like to suffer from this influenza; families of the bereaved speak of the change to their lives. Stacking the coffins is the first Irish history of the disease to include statistics to analyse which groups were most affected. It also draws on the memories of child sufferers telling their stories.
The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people in one year than the Great War killed in four, sickening at least one quarter of the world's population. In Fever of War, Carol R. Byerly uncovers ...the startling impact of the 1918 influenza epidemic on the American army, its medical officers, and their profession, a story which has long been silenced. Through medical officers' memoirs and diaries, official reports, scientific articles, and other original sources, Byerly tells a grave tale about the limits of modern medicine and warfare.The tragedy begins with overly confident medical officers who, armed with new knowledge and technologies of modern medicine, had an inflated sense of their ability to control disease. The conditions of trench warfare on the Western Front soon outflanked medical knowledge by creating an environment where the influenza virus could mutate to a lethal strain. This new flu virus soon left medical officers' confidence in tatters as thousands of soldiers and trainees died under their care. They also were unable to convince the War Department to reduce the crowding of troops aboard ships and in barracks which were providing ideal environments for the epidemic to thrive. After the war, and given their helplessness to control influenza, many medical officers and military leaders began to downplay the epidemic as a significant event for the U. S. army, in effect erasing this dramatic story from the American historical memory.
In November 2018, an ad hoc planning committee at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine planned two sister workshops held in Washington, DC, to examine the lessons from ...influenza pandemics and other major outbreaks, understand the extent to which the lessons have been learned, and discuss how they could be applied further to ensure that countries are sufficiently ready for future pandemics. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from both workshops.
The pandemic of 1918–20-commonly known as the Spanish flu-infected over a quarter of the world's population and killed over fifty million people. It is by far the greatest humanitarian disaster ...caused by an infectious disease in modern history. Epidemiologists and health scientists often draw on this experience to set the plausible upper bound (the 'worst case scenario') on future pandemic mortality. The purpose of this study is to piece together and analyse the scattered multi-disciplinary literature on the pandemic in order to place debates on the evolving course of the current COVID-19 crisis in historical perspective. The analysis focuses on the changing characteristics of pathogens and disease over time, the institutional factors that shaped the global spread, the demographic and socio-economic consequences, and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical responses to the pandemic. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The monument commemorates the priests martyred during the revolutionary events related to the completion of the formation of the Romanian national state between November 1918 and spring 1919. It is ...erected on a stepped post, consisting of a structure made of a style of Braemannic inspiration, with a trilobed arch and two columns, on either side. Above, there is a cross with an inverse arranged pyramid trunk, decorated with four symmetrically arranged outer circular medallions, with rosettes inside, and with a central medallion of larger, simple diameter. The inscription is held on the foot of the cross, on all its sides. Dimensions: H monument = 500 cm.
Mentions about the monument: In 1978, in December, the monument was relocated in the courtyard of the monastery "Sf. Simion The stumbling block "Arad-Gai. Between 1936-1957, it was preserved in Podgoria Square in Arad.
Inscriptions on the monument: "SLAUGHT TO BE GOD! MARTIRIES FROM THE ARAD "Next, the names of the local heroes who fell in the First World War are inscribed. In the end: “AND SITE TO 17 MAIU 1936”
Monumentul comemorează preoții martirizați în timpul evenimentelor revoluționare legate de desăvârșirea formării statului național român, între lunile noiembrie 1918 - primăvara 1919. Este înălțat pe un postament în trepte, fiind format dintr-o structură realizată într-un stil de inspirație brâncovenească, cu un arc trilobat și două coloane, de o parte și alta. Deasupra, se află o cruce cu un capitel în formă de trunchi de piramidă dispusă invers, decorată cu patru medalioane circulare exterioare dispuse simetric, cu rozete în interior, și cu un medalion central cu diametrul mai mare, simplu. Inscripția se desfățoară pe piciorul crucii, pe toate laturile sale. Dimensiuni: H monument=500 cm.
Mențiuni despre monument: În anul 1978, în decembrie, monumentul a fost reașezat în curtea mănăstirii „Sf. Simion Stâlpnicul” Arad-Gai. Între 1936-1957, s-a păstrat în Piața Podgoria din orașul Arad.
Inscripții pe monument: „SLĂVIT SĂ FIE DUMNEZEU! MARTIRILOR DIN ȚINUTUL ARADULUI” În continuare, sunt inscripționate numele eroilor locali căzuți în Primul Război Mondial. La final: „ȘI S-A SFINȚIT LA 17 MAIU 1936”
Monumentul comemorează preoții martirizați în timpul evenimentelor revoluționare legate de desăvârșirea formării statului național român, între lunile noiembrie 1918 - primăvara 1919. Este înălțat pe un postament în trepte, fiind format dintr-o structură realizată într-un stil de inspirație brâncovenească, cu un arc trilobat și două coloane, de o parte și alta. Deasupra, se află o cruce cu un capitel în formă de trunchi de piramidă dispusă invers, decorată cu patru medalioane circulare exterioare dispuse simetric, cu rozete în interior, și cu un medalion central cu diametrul mai mare, simplu. Inscripția se desfățoară pe piciorul crucii, pe toate laturile sale. Dimensiuni: H monument=500 cm.
Mențiuni despre monument: În anul 1978, în decembrie, monumentul a fost reașezat în curtea mănăstirii „Sf. Simion Stâlpnicul” Arad-Gai. Între 1936-1957, s-a păstrat în Piața Podgoria din orașul Arad.
Inscripții pe monument: „SLĂVIT SĂ FIE DUMNEZEU! MARTIRILOR DIN ȚINUTUL ARADULUI” În continuare, sunt inscripționate numele eroilor locali căzuți în Primul Război Mondial. La final: „ȘI S-A SFINȚIT LA 17 MAIU 1936”
Abstract
Mortality estimates of the 1918 influenza pandemic vary considerably, and recent estimates have suggested that there were 50 million to 100 million deaths worldwide. We investigated the ...global mortality burden using an indirect estimation approach and 2 publicly available data sets: the Human Mortality Database (13 countries) and data extracted from the records of the Statistical Abstract for British India. The all-cause Human Mortality Database was used to estimate mortality annually for 1916–1921 for detailed age groups. Three different calculation methods were applied to the data (low, medium, and high scenarios), and we used a multilevel regression model to control for distorting factors (e.g., war and the underlying time trend in mortality). Total pandemic mortality was an estimated 15 million deaths worldwide in 1918 (n = 2.5 million in 1919) after including the rates for British India and controlling for wars and the underlying mortality trend. According to our validity analysis, simulations of total number of deaths being greater than 25 million are not realistic based on the underlying mortality rates included in Human Mortality Database and in British India. Our results suggest the global death impact of the 1918 pandemic was important (n = 17.4 million) but not as severe as most frequently cited estimates.
•For the ongoing novel coronavirus disease (CODID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China, the Chinese government has implemented control measures such as city lockdown to mitigate the impact of the ...epidemic.•We model the outbreak in Wuhan with individual reaction and governmental action (holiday extension, city lockdown, hospitalisation and quarantine) based on some parameters of the 1918 influenza pandemic in London, United Kingdom.•We show the different effects of individual reaction and governmental action and preliminarily estimate the magnitude of these effects.•We also preliminarily estimate the time-varying reporting ratio.
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, emerged in Wuhan, China in the end of 2019, has claimed more than 2600 lives as of 24 February 2020 and posed a huge threat to global public health. The Chinese government has implemented control measures including setting up special hospitals and travel restriction to mitigate the spread. We propose conceptual models for the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan with the consideration of individual behavioural reaction and governmental actions, e.g., holiday extension, travel restriction, hospitalisation and quarantine. We employe the estimates of these two key components from the 1918 influenza pandemic in London, United Kingdom, incorporated zoonotic introductions and the emigration, and then compute future trends and the reporting ratio. The model is concise in structure, and it successfully captures the course of the COVID-19 outbreak, and thus sheds light on understanding the trends of the outbreak.
Between November 20, 1918, and March 12, 1919, the US Public Health Service carried out a vast population-based survey to assess the incidence rate and mortality of the influenza pandemic among 146 ...203 persons in 18 localities across the United States. The survey attempted to retrospectively assess all self-reported or diagnosed cases of influenza since August 1, 1918. It indicated that the cumulative incidence of symptomatic influenza over 6 months had been 29.4% (range = 15% in Louisville, KY, to 53.3% in San Antonio, TX). The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.70%, and it ranged from 0.78% in San Antonio to 3.14% in New London, Connecticut. Localities with high cumulative incidence were not necessarily those with high CFR. Overall, assuming the survey missed asymptomatic cases, between August 1, 1918, and February 21, 1919, maybe more than 50% of the population was infected, and about 1% of the infected died. Eight months into the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States has not yet launched a survey that would provide population-based estimates of incidence and CFRs analogous to those generated by the 1918 US Public Health Service house-to-house canvass survey of influenza.
DISASTERS AND COMMUNITY RESILIENCE RAO, HAYAGREEVA; GREVE, HENRICH R.
Academy of Management journal,
02/2018, Letnik:
61, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Why are some communities resilient in the face of disasters, and why are others unable to recover? We suggest that two mechanisms matter: the framing of the cause of the disaster, and the community ...civic capacity to form diverse non-profits. We propose that disasters that are attributed to other community members weaken cooperation and reduce the formation of new cooperatives that serve the community, unlike disasters attributed to chance or to nature, which strengthen cooperation and increase the creation of cooperatives. We analyze the Spanish Flu, a contagious disease that was attributed to infected individuals, and compare it with spring frost, which damaged crops and was attributed to nature. Our measure of resilience is whether the community members could form retail cooperatives—non-profit community organizations. We find that communities hit by the Spanish Flu during the period 1918–1919 were unable to form new retail cooperatives in the short and long run after the epidemic, but this effect was reduced over time and countered by civic capacity. Implications for research on disasters and institutional legacies are outlined.
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