The revolutionary movements that emerged frequently in Latin
America over the past century promoted goals that included
overturning dictatorships, confronting economic inequalities, and
creating what ...Cuban revolutionary hero Che Guevara called the "new
man." But, in fact, many of the "new men" who participated in these
movements were not men. Thousands of them were women. This book
aims to show why a full understanding of revolutions needs to take
account of gender.
Karen Kampwirth writes here about the women who joined the
revolutionary movements in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and the Mexican
state of Chiapas, about how they became guerrillas, and how that
experience changed their lives. In the last chapter she compares
what happened in these countries with Cuba in the 1950s, where few
women participated in the guerrilla struggle.
Drawing on more than two hundred interviews, Kampwirth examines
the political, structural, ideological, and personal factors that
allowed many women to escape from the constraints of their
traditional roles and led some to participate in guerrilla
activities. Her emphasis on the experiences of revolutionaries adds
a new dimension to the study of revolution, which has focused
mainly on explaining how states are overthrown.
Wage inequality between education groups in the United States has increased substantially since the early 1980s. The relative number of college-educated workers has also increased dramatically in the ...postwar period. This paper presents a unified framework where the dynamics of both skill accumulation and wage inequality arise as an equilibrium outcome driven by measured investment-specific technological change. Working through equipment–skill complementarity and endogenous skill accumulation, the model does well in capturing the steady growth in the relative quantity of skilled labor during the postwar period and the substantial rise in wage inequality after the early 1980s. Based on the calibrated model, we examine the quantitative effects of some hypothetical tax-policy reforms on skill accumulation, wage inequality, and welfare.
Some authors have claimed that species are passive end products of evolution and thus not substantially different than higher taxa. This claim is based on reports that (1) levels of intraspecific ...gene flow may be too low to account for species' integration, and (2) populations are likely to diverge rather than evolve in parallel when exposed to uniform selection pressures. These conclusions are prematur. A review of the plant literature reveals that there is sufficient gene flow to enable the efficient spread of strongly favourable alleles (s > 0.05), the most likely agents of collective evolution. Moreover, estimates of s for major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are sufficiently large to enable their spread across the range of a species, although minor QTLs seem more likely to evolve locally. In addition, evidence that intraspecific variation in genetic background affects the response of alleles to selection is rare, but examples of parallel genotypic evolution are becoming increasingly common. We conclude that, as traditionally believed, species are the most inclusive entities that directly participate in evolutionary processes. However, we also note that the traditional role of gene flow as a force that constrains differentiation due to genetic drift or local adaptation has been over-emphasised relative to its creative role as a mechanism for the spread of advantageous mutations.
Policy makers rely on a mix of government spending and tax cuts to address the imbalances in the economy during an economic crisis, by promoting price stability and renewed economic growth. However, ...little discussion appears to focus explicitly on quantifying the cost of economic crises in terms of human lives, especially the lives of the most vulnerable members of society, infants. Using a statistical approach that is robust to the increases of mortality in outlying years, we quantify the effect that economic crises, periods of prolonged economic recession, have on infant mortality. Moreover, we investigate whether different levels of public spending on health across advanced industrialized democracies can mitigate the impact of crises on infant mortality. We find that economic crises are extremely costly and lead to a more than proportional increase in infant mortality in the short-run. Substantial public spending on health is required in order to limit their impact.
In the late 1800s, Palm Springs, California, was evenly divided into 1‐mile‐square blocks—like a checkerboard—and property rights were assigned in alternating blocks to the Agua Caliente tribe and a ...non‐Indian landowner by the U.S. federal government. The quasi‐experimental nature of land assignment holds land quality constant across the two types of landowners. Sales, mortgaging, and leasing restrictions on the Agua Caliente Reservation land created large transaction costs to development on those lands; consequently, there was very little housing investment. The non‐Indian blocks, which were extensively developed, provide a benchmark for efficient outcomes for the Agua Caliente lands. Once the restrictions on Agua Caliente lands were relaxed in 1959, the number of homes and real estate values converged to those of non‐Indian‐owned lands as predicted by the Coase theorem.
Dale M. Schlitt presents a study of trinitarian thought as it was understood and debated by the German Idealists broadly—engaging Schelling's philosophical interpretations of Trinity as well as ...Hegel's—and analyzing how these Idealist interpretations influenced later philosophers and theologians. Divided into different sections, one considers nineteenth-century central Europeans Philipp Marheineke, Isaak August Dorner, and Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov under the rubric "testimonials." Another section studies twentieth-century Germans Karl Barth, Karl Rahner, and Wolfhart Pannenberg, who share "family resemblances" with the Idealists, and a third addresses the work of twentieth- and twenty- first century Americans, Robert W. Jenson, Catherine Mowry LaCugna, Joseph A. Bracken, and Schlitt himself, whose work reverberates with what Schlitt terms "transatlantic Idealist echoes." The book concludes with reflection on the overall German Idealist trinitarian legacy, noting several challenges it offers to those who will pursue creative trinitarian reflection in the future.
The study deals with the challenge of adjusting inconsistencies in the historical data series over time for the main forest resources parameters (forest area, growing stock and increment) based on ...the UNECE/FAO Forest Resources Assessments (FRA) source data. It describes the methods used to improve the quality of long-term series based on national inventory data and assesses trends for a number of European countries. It attempts to identify driving forces behind major long-term changes in key forest resources parameters.
After compiling an index of economic integration that accounts for global (GATT) as well as regional (European) integration of the EU member states we test for permanent and temporary growth effects ...in a growth accounting framework, using a panel of fifteen EU member states over the period 1950–2000. While the hypothesis of permanent growth effects is rejected, the results—though not completely robust to controlling for time-specific effects—suggest sizeable level effects: GDP per capita of the EU would be approximately one-fifth lower today if no integration had taken place since 1950.
Last looks, last books Vendler, Helen; Vendler, Helen
2010., 20100301, 2010, 2010-03-01, Letnik:
56
eBook
InLast Looks, Last Books, the eminent critic Helen Vendler examines the ways in which five great modern American poets, writing their final books, try to find a style that does justice to life and ...death alike. With traditional religious consolations no longer available to them, these poets must invent new ways to express the crisis of death, as well as the paradoxical coexistence of a declining body and an undiminished consciousness. InThe Rock, Wallace Stevens writes simultaneous narratives of winter and spring; inAriel, Sylvia Plath sustains melodrama in cool formality; and inDay by Day, Robert Lowell subtracts from plenitude. InGeography III, Elizabeth Bishop is both caught and freed, while James Merrill, inA Scattering of Salts, creates a series of self-portraits as he dies, representing himself by such things as a Christmas tree, human tissue on a laboratory slide, and the evening/morning star. The solution for one poet will not serve for another; each must invent a bridge from an old style to a new one. Casting a last look at life as they contemplate death, these modern writers enrich the resources of lyric poetry.
Harnessing concepts and theories from sociology, anthropology, and political science, this interdisciplinary study compares the vastly different experiences of two Croatian immigrant cohorts who have ...settled in the city of Perth in Western Australia. The populations explored represent an earlier group of working-class migrants arriving from communist Yugoslavia from the 1950s to 1970s and a later group of urban professionals arriving in the 1980s and 1990s as 'independent' or skills-based migrants. This latter group integrated into professional ranks but also used their Australian experience as a stepping stone in becoming part of a highly mobile global professional middle class. _x000B__x000B_Employing a refined theoretical analysis, this rich ethnography challenges the domination of the ethnic perspective in migration studies and the idea of ethnic community itself. It emphasizes the importance of class, focusing on the intersection of class, ethnicity, and gender in the process of migration, migrant incorporation and transnationalism. In theorizing the connection of the two migrant cohorts with their native Croatia the study introduces concepts of "ethnic" and "cosmopolitan" transnationalism as two distinctive experiences mediated by class.
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