TUSKEGEE AND THE HEALTH OF BLACK MEN Alsan, Marcella; Wanamaker, Marianne
The Quarterly journal of economics,
02/2018, Letnik:
133, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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For 40 years, the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male passively monitored hundreds of adult black men with syphilis despite the availability of effective treatment. The study’s ...methods have become synonymous with exploitation and mistreatment by the medical profession. To identify the study’s effects on the behavior and health of older black men, we use an interacted difference-in-difference-in-differences model, comparing older black men to other demographic groups, before and after the Tuskegee revelation, in varying proximity to the study’s victims. We find that the disclosure of the study in 1972 is correlated with increases in medical mistrust and mortality and decreases in both outpatient and inpatient physician interactions for older black men. Our estimates imply life expectancy at age 45 for black men fell by up to 1.5 years in response to the disclosure, accounting for approximately 35% of the 1980 life expectancy gap between black and white men and 25% of the gap between black men and women.
This article studies the effect of natural disasters on pregnancy outcomes using historical data from the USA. Preterm infants are more likely to be of low birth weight and face increased risk of ...health problems later in life, implying large long run societal costs. While some of the causes of low birth weight are known, the exact mechanisms leading to prematurity are not well understood. Results confirm that maternal exposure to plausibly exogenous weather events decreases gestational age and birth weight. The negative effects of exposure are particularly strong in the second and early third trimesters of pregnancy, which coincides with the period identified by medical studies as most susceptible to external negative influences. (JEL codes: I10, I12, Q51) Copyright The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Ifo Institute for Economic Research, Munich. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
In this paper, we examine empirically whether risk pooling is more advantageous among altruistic compared to selfish agents in a framework where individuals cannot make binding commitments. In ...particular, we incorporate altuism into a model of risk sharing under imperfect commitment and use simulation methods to establish tests of the roles of both altruism and commitment problems in determining the extent of insurance and the intertemporal movements in interhousehold transfers. The tests are carried out using three panel data sets from two countries of rural South Asia that provide detailed information on transfers and enable the measurement of income shocks. The estimates provide strong support for the notion that imperfect commitment substantially constrains informal transfer arrangements, whether kin-based or not, but also provide evidence that altruism plays an important role in ameliorating commitment constraints and thus in increasing the gains from income pooling.
This article examines the long-term wage and earnings losses of displaced workers, using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Consistent with previous research, I find that the ...effects of displacement are quite persistent, with earnings and wages remaining approximately 9% below their expected levels 6 or more years after displacement. I then show that much of this persistence can be explained by additional job losses in the years following an initial displacement. Workers who avoid additional displacements have earnings and wage losses of 1% and 4% 6 or more years after job loss.
On the cyclicality of schooling Dellas, Haris; Sakellaris, Plutarchos
Oxford economic papers,
2003, 2003-01, 20030101, 2003-1-1, Letnik:
55, Številka:
1
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Economic theory indicates that opportunity‐ cost considerations tend to make schooling countercyclical whereas ability‐to‐pay considerations have the opposite effect. We examine the college ...enrollment decisions of individuals in the US using the Current Population Survey and find that their propensity to enroll is countercyclical. There seems to be significant substitution during the business cycle between human capital investment and competing economic activities.
This analysis is concerned with the determinants of panel attrition from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and with its consequences for estimation of dynamic behavioral models which exploit the ...panel or longitudinal information-household income dynamics, marriage formation and dissolution, and adult mortality risk. We develop and estimate joint models of attrition and one or more of these substantive processes, and allow for correlation across the equations through random effects. Although we find evidence of significant selectivity in attrition behavior, the biases that are introduced by ignoring selective attrition are very mild.
Policymakers interested in poverty are frequently concerned with the length of time individuals spend below the poverty line. Discussions of the underclass and of dependency on public assistance ...often make distinctions between the short- and long-term poor. Bane and Ellwood (1986) first used a spell-based approach to study the dynamics and duration of poverty in the US between 1970 and 1981. Their analysis is extended through 1987. In addition, changes over time in exit rates from poverty is examined and the frequency of multiple spells of poverty are explored. The data come from the 1968-1988 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
This article uses aggregate birth year/calendar year level data derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to estimate the effect of Social Security wealth on the labor supply of older men in ...the 1970s and 1980s. The analysis focuses on measuring the impact of the 1977 amendments to the Social Security Act, which created a substantial, unanticipated reduction in Social Security wealth for individuals born after 1916. This differential in benefits has become known as the benefit notch. Results indicate that labor supply continued to decline for the "notch babies" who received lower Social Security benefits than earlier cohorts.
This paper examines the economic costs of separation and divorce for young women in the United States from the late 1960s through the late 1980s. Broadened opportunities for women outside marriage ...may have alleviated some of the severe economic costs of marital disruption for women. This paper contrasts the experiences of two cohorts of young women: those who married and separated or divorced in the late 1960s through the mid-1970s and those who experienced these events in the 1980s. Based on panel data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979-1988, Young Women 1968-1978, and Young Men 1966-1978, the results show stability in the costs of disruption. A multivariate analysis shows that young women in the more recent cohort have more labor force experience before disruption than those in the earlier cohort, but prior work history does not protect women from the severe costs of marital disruption.
Este estudio analiza el cambio tecnológico y la eficiencia en la industria del cemento en Colombia. Se utiliza una función de producción industrial de corto plazo para estimar las medidas de ...eficiencia y las principales características del cambio tecnológico. Una serie de tiempo de 21 años (1968-1988), que incluye la totalidad de las plantas colombianas de cemento, conforma la base de datos de este estudio. El trabajo indica que la industria cementera colombiana experimenta un claro cambio estructural, el cual se expresa particularmente por un dinámico proceso de sustitución de insumos. Por otro lado, los resultados de eficiencia comparados con los estándares internacionales ubican a este sector industrial muy cerca del promedio internacional. This study analyzes technical change and efficiency level in the Colombian cement industry. We use the short-run production function approach in order to estimate efficiency measures and the main features of technical change. A time series covers the period between 1968 and 1988. The data base of this study includes all individual cement companies. This study shows that the Colombian cement industry experiences a clear structural change. This is expressed particularly by a dynamic input substitution process. On the other hand, the efficiency results compare to internacional standars, placing this industrial sector very near the international average.
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