Summary
Background
Current subgrouping of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is exclusively based on stool consistency without considering other relevant gastrointestinal (GI), extraintestinal somatic or ...psychological features.
Aim
To identify subgroups based on a comprehensive set of IBS‐related parameters.
Methods
Mixture model analysis was used, with the following input variables: 13 single‐item scores from the IBS‐specific Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, average stool consistency and frequency from a 7‐day Bristol Stool Form diary, 12 single‐item extraintestinal symptom scores from the Patient Health Questionnaire‐12, and anxiety and depression subscale scores from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. The resulting latent subgroups were compared regarding symptom profiles using analysis of variance followed by pair‐wise comparisons.
Results
One hundred and seventy‐two IBS patients (Rome III; 69% female; mean age 33.7 range 18‐60 years) were included. The optimal subgrouping showed six latent groups, characterised by: (I) constipation with low comorbidities, (II) constipation with high comorbidities, (III) diarrhoea with low comorbidities, (IV) diarrhoea and pain with high comorbidities, (V) mixed GI symptoms with high comorbidities, (VI) a mix of symptoms with overall mild severity. The subgroups showed differences in the distribution of Rome III‐subtypes, IBS severity, presence of anxiety and depression, and gender, but not regarding age, IBS duration or reported post‐infectious onset of IBS.
Conclusions
This model‐based subgrouping of IBS partly supports the distinction of subgroups based on bowel habits, but additionally distinguishes subgroups with or without co‐morbid extraintestinal somatic and psychological symptoms. The resulting groups show specific profiles of symptom combinations.
This article analyzes and interprets the Madrid press discourse on the autonomic process that was built in Spain between June 1977 and December 1978. The methodology is based on the qualitative ...content analysis of the publishers published by ABC, El País and Diario 16. The results of this research reveal that territorial decentralization was a recurrent theme in the Spanish press debate and that the three newspapers, based on different media constructions, played a crucial role in shaping a social attitude positive regarding the autonomic issue.
El presente artículo analiza e interpreta el discurso de la prensa de Madrid sobre el proceso autonómico que se desarrolló en España entre junio de 1977 y diciembre de 1978. La metodología se basa en el análisis de contenido de los editoriales publicados por ABC, El País y Diario 16. Los resultados de esta investigación revelan que la cuestión territorial fue un tema recurrente en el debate de la prensa española y que los tres diarios, a partir de diferentes construcciones mediáticas, desempeñaron un papel crucial a la hora de configurar una actitud social positiva respecto al tema autonómico.
We present detailed chemical abundances in eight clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We measure abundances of 22 elements for clusters spanning a range in age of 0.05-12 Gyr, providing a ...comprehensive picture of the chemical enrichment and star formation history of the LMC. The abundances were obtained from individual absorption lines using a new method for analysis of high-resolution (R ~ 25,000), integrated-light (IL) spectra of star clusters. This method was developed and presented in Papers I, II, and III of this series. In this paper, we develop an additional IL chi super(2)-minimization spectral synthesis technique to facilitate measurement of weak (~15 mA) spectral lines and abundances in low signal-to-noise ratio data (S/N ~ 30). Additionally, we supplement the IL abundance measurements with detailed abundances that we measure for individual stars in the youngest clusters (age < 2 Gyr) in our sample. In both the IL and stellar abundances we find evolution of alpha /Fe with Fe/H and age. Fe-peak abundance ratios are similar to those in the Milky Way (MW), with the exception of Cu/Fe and Mn/Fe, which are sub-solar at high metallicities. The heavy elements Ba, La, Nd, Sm, and Eu are significantly enhanced in the youngest clusters. Also, the heavy to light s-process ratio is elevated relative to the MW (Ba/Y >+0.5) and increases with decreasing age, indicating a strong contribution of low-metallicity asymptotic giant branch star ejecta to the interstellar medium throughout the later history of the LMC. We also find a correlation of IL Na and Al abundances with cluster mass in the sense that more massive, older clusters are enriched in the light elements Na and Al with respect to Fe, which implies that these clusters harbor star-to-star abundance variations as is common in the MW. Lower mass, intermediate-age, and young clusters have Na and Al abundances that are lower and more consistent with LMC field stars. Our results can be used to constrain both future chemical evolution models for the LMC and theories of globular cluster formation.
Floor spectra of many instrumented buildings are evaluated to identify and quantify influential parameters on the horizontal seismic responses of acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components ...(NSCs). It is shown that many of these parameters are not explicitly incorporated into the American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE 7-16 design equations and are challenging to capture through numerical building models. Significant torsional responses are identified, even for nominally regular buildings, which can increase seismic demands on NSCs located at a floor periphery. For many instrumented buildings, especially single-story ones, floor diaphragms behave as flexible in their plane. This behavior, while mitigating torsional responses, can increase demands on NSCs located away from elements of the lateral-force resisting systems. An evaluation of floor acceleration responses of instrumented buildings with basements reveals that in many cases, even with the presence of perimeter concrete basement walls, accelerations at grade level could be significantly larger than those at lower basement levels. Consideration should be given to establishing the seismic base at the lowermost basement elevation.
Studies have shown conflicting associations between the salivary amylase gene (
) copy number and obesity. Salivary amylase initiates starch digestion in the oral cavity; starch is a major source of ...energy in the diet.
We investigated the association between
copy number and obesity traits, and the effect of the interaction between
copy number and starch intake on these obesity traits.
We first assessed the association between
copy number (genotyped by digital droplet polymerase chain reaction) and obesity traits in 4800 individuals without diabetes (mean age: 57 y; 60% female) from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort. Then we analyzed interactions between
copy number and energy-adjusted starch intake (obtained by a modified diet history method) on body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage.
copy number was not associated with BMI (
= 0.80) or body fat percentage (
= 0.38). We observed a significant effect of the interaction between
copy number and starch intake on BMI (
-interaction = 0.007) and body fat percentage (
-interaction = 0.03). Upon stratification by dietary starch intake, BMI tended to decrease with increasing
copy numbers in the low-starch intake group (
= 0.07) and tended to increase with increasing
copy numbers in the high-starch intake group (
= 0.08). The lowest mean BMI was observed in the group of participants with a low
copy number and a high dietary intake of starch.
Our findings suggest an effect of the interaction between starch intake and
copy number on obesity. Individuals with high starch intake but low genetic capacity to digest starch had the lowest BMI, potentially because larger amounts of undigested starch are transported through the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to fewer calories extracted from ingested starch.
Our ability to project the impact of global change on marine ecosystem is limited by our poor understanding on how to predict species sensitivity. For example, the impact of ocean acidification is ...highly species‐specific, even in closely related taxa. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the tolerance range of a given species to decreased pH corresponds to their natural range of exposure. Larvae of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis were cultured from fertilization to metamorphic competence (29 days) under a wide range of pH (from pHT = 8.0/pCO2 ≈ 480 μatm to pHT = 6.5/pCO2 ≈ 20 000 μatm) covering present (from pHT 8.7 to 7.6), projected near‐future variability (from pHT 8.3 to 7.2) and beyond. Decreasing pH impacted all tested parameters (mortality, symmetry, growth, morphometry and respiration). Development of normal, although showing morphological plasticity, swimming larvae was possible as low as pHT ≥ 7.0. Within that range, decreasing pH increased mortality and asymmetry and decreased body length (BL) growth rate. Larvae raised at lowered pH and with similar BL had shorter arms and a wider body. Relative to a given BL, respiration rates and stomach volume both increased with decreasing pH suggesting changes in energy budget. At the lowest pHs (pHT ≤ 6.5), all the tested parameters were strongly negatively affected and no larva survived past 13 days post fertilization. In conclusion, sea urchin larvae appeared to be highly plastic when exposed to decreased pH until a physiological tipping point at pHT = 7.0. However, this plasticity was associated with direct (increased mortality) and indirect (decreased growth) consequences for fitness.
We precisely locate 88 tremor families along the central San Andreas Fault using a 3D velocity model and numerous P and S wave arrival times estimated from seismogram stacks of up to 400 events per ...tremor family. Maximum tremor amplitudes vary along the fault by at least a factor of 7, with by far the strongest sources along a 25 km section of the fault southeast of Parkfield. We also identify many weaker tremor families, which have largely escaped prior detection. Together, these sources extend 150 km along the fault, beneath creeping, transitional, and locked sections of the upper crustal fault. Depths are mostly between 18 and 28 km, in the lower crust. Epicenters are concentrated within 3 km of the surface trace, implying a nearly vertical fault. A prominent gap in detectible activity is located directly beneath the region of maximum slip in the 2004 magnitude 6.0 Parkfield earthquake.
L’interruzione volontaria di gravidanza costituisce un tema attorno al quale si sviluppa un ricco dibattito sociale e giuridico. Sebbene abbia avuto ingresso nell’ordinamento italiano in tempi ...risalenti, per mezzo della legge n. 194 del 1978, ancora oggi non cessa di originare criticità delle quali gli interpreti non possono evitare di farsi carico. A riguardo, estremamente esemplificativi sono i dati riguardanti le difficoltà di accesso alla procedura abortiva in Italia, evidenziate in più occasioni dal Consiglio d’Europa. Ampliando l’orizzonte d’analisi, è possibile rilevare come negli Stati Uniti si stia verificando un picco di contenzioso a seguito dell’entrata in vigore del Texas Heartbeat Act. La complessità delle questioni legate all’aborto trova fondamento e giustificazione nei diritti costituzionalmente rilevanti che si devono considerare e bilanciare il più ragionevolmente possibile: il diritto alla vita e alla salute della madre; i corrispondenti diritti del nascituro; il diritto del personale sanitario a veder rispettata la propria sensibilità etica. Il presente contributo si pone come obiettivo quello di analizzare il tema in una prospettiva che consenta di inquadrare e comprendere in che misura i suddetti diritti sussistano e siano tutelati. Privilegiare una chiave di lettura comparata che consideri il percorso storico attraversato dall’ordinamento statunitense e, parallelamente, da quello italiano, consentirà di cogliere come le due esperienze giuridiche abbiano affrontato questioni analoghe relativamente alla questione dell’aborto e come abbiano offerto soluzioni non dissimili.
Display omitted
•Effect of Cu-loading in Cu-BEA on reactions involved in NH3-SCR was studied.•Ammonia storage is enhanced with increasing copper loading.•NO and NH3 oxidation rates per Cu site were ...higher on the high-loaded copper samples.•NH3 SCR rate was higher on the low- and medium-loaded Cu-samples.•The NH4NO3 formation/decomposition was studied. The N2O increased with Cu-loading.
In this study, we investigate the effect of varying copper loading in Cu-BEA on different reactions involved in the SCR mechanism. The catalysts were characterized by BET, ICP-AES, and UV–Vis. Enlarged ammonia storage was observed when increasing the copper loading mainly owing to loosely bonded NH3, but for over-exchanged samples, a new high-temperature shoulder was also observed. The N2O production significantly grew with increasing copper loading. In addition, the reaction rates of NO oxidation and NH3 oxidation per Cu site were higher on the high-loaded copper samples compared to those with lower loading. However, the opposite results were found for NH3 SCR, but differences were small for this reaction. Ammonium nitrate formation and decomposition were examined during a variety of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments, and three regions related to the presence of acid sites and low- versus high-loaded copper sites were observed. When dosing NO2 before NH3, ammonium nitrate species were formed but in lower amounts than if NH3 and NO2 were dosed simultaneously.
PDF
