An internationally-trained African economic analyst studies this former British colony's struggle to become a viable independent state. Problems range from the need for constitutional reform to ...political patronage and a de facto oneparty democracy and th.
This is the first study to catalogue the diverse array of in vivo motility patterns in a teleost fish and how they are affected by feeding. Video recordings of exteriorised proximal intestine from ...fasted and fed shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) were used to generate spatio-temporal maps to portray and quantify motility patterns. Propagating and non-propagating contractions were observed to occur at different frequencies and durations. The most apparent difference between the feeding states was that bands of relatively high amplitude contractions propagating slowly in the anal direction were observed in all fasted fish (N=10) but in only 35% of fed fish (N=11). Additionally, fed fish displayed a reduced frequency (0.21±0.03 versus 0.32±0.06 contractions min(-1)) and rhythmicity of these contractions compared with fasted fish. Although the underlying mechanisms of these slow anally propagating contractions differ from those of mammalian migrating motor complexes, we believe that they may play a similar role in shorthorn sculpin during the interdigestive period, to potentially remove food remnants and prevent the establishment of pathogens. 'Ripples' were the most prevalent contraction type in shorthorn sculpin and may be important during mixing and absorption. The persistence of shallow ripples and pendular movements of longitudinal muscle after tetrodotoxin (1 μmol l(-1)) treatment suggests these contractions were myogenic in origin. The present study highlights both similarities and differences in motility patterns between shorthorn sculpin and other vertebrates, as well as providing a platform to examine other aspects of gastrointestinal functions in fish, including the impact of environmental changes.
This collection focuses on the social consequences of neoliberal crises in Latin America. It includes a critical yet sympathetic analysis of ruling leftist governments in the region and discusses the ...larger constraints facing organized attempts to politically transform the Americas.
Entre el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y la caída del Muro de Berín, América Latina atravesó un dramático periodo marcado por golpes de Estado, insurgencias guerrilleras y revoluciones, así como ...inestabilidad y violencia. En las actuales sociedades latinoamericanas, aún son visibles las secuelas de décadas de autoritarismo gubernamental y violaciones sistemáticas de los derechos humanos. A pesar de ello, desde la historia son contados los esfuerzos por interpretar en su conjunto un periodo tan convulso.
The shocks of the unexpected outbreak of violent internal armed conflicts in post Cold War West Africa continue to linger in policy and academic circles. While considerable attention is devoted to ...explaining the civil wars, there is little understanding of the delicate and unpredictable processes of reconstruction. Post-war reconstruction programmes in Africa have become, by and large, externally driven processes; and while externalisation may not be negative per se, it is important to interrogate how such intervention recognises and interacts with local dynamics, and how it manipulates and conditions the outcomes of post-conflict reconstruction agenda. Investigating the interface between power elite, the nature of post-war regimes and the pattern which post-war reconstruction takes is important both for theory and practice. This original study, by some of West Africa's leading scholars, interrogates post-war reconstruction processes in the twin West African countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone, focusing on the effects of regime types on the nature, scope, success or failure of their post-war reconstruction efforts. Political scientists, diplomats, the international community, donor and humanitarian agencies, advocacy groups, the United Nations and its agencies, would find it an important resource in dealing with countries emerging from protracted violence and civil war.
Northern Algeria has experienced many destructive earthquakes throughout its history. The largest recent events occurred in El Asnam on October 10, 1980 (moment magnitude; Mw = 7.3), in Constantine ...on October 27, 1985 (surface-wave magnitude; Ms = 6.0), and in Zemmouri–Boumerdes on May 21, 2003 (Mw = 6.8). Because of the high population density and industrialization in these regions, the earthquakes had disastrous consequences and hence highlighted the vulnerability of Algeria to seismic events. To reduce seismic risk in Constantine, the capital city of East Algeria, we present a seismic risk scenario for this city, focusing on the vulnerability of the key historic areas of Coudia, Bellevue–Ciloc, and the Old City. This scenario allows us to assess the maximum ground acceleration using empirical attenuation laws, based on the following considerations: (a) the 1985 Constantine seismic event as an earthquake reference; (b) site effects related to regional geology; (c) damage to buildings, and (d) seismic vulnerability. This study shows the map of peak ground acceleration taking into account the effects of site lithology (Avib). We observe the strongest vibrations along the two rivers “Boumerzoug and Rhumel” and also, we note that the EC8 gives a good estimate acceleration in the image of the three studied areas (Bellevue–Ciloc, Coudia, and Old Town). By correlating with the geology, we observe an acceleration of 0.13 g in the neritic limestone of the rock (Old Town) something that fits with the value obtained 0.14 g (PGA) without taking into consideration the lithology. Moreover, according to the Algerian Earthquake Engineering Code (2003) (RPA), the Wilaya of Constantine is classified in the zone IIa (medium seismicity) with an acceleration data of 0.25 g. This study integrates geographic information system (GIS) data into risk models.
Legal research has shown mixed results regarding the application of a child-centred approach in judgments from the European Court of Human Rights. With an interdisciplinary perspective, however, a ...number of remarkable features become visible.
This article explores case law from the European system with a blended methodology. First, a quantitative assessment of the Court’s judgments over the last decade reveals, surprisingly, that the child’s best interests doctrine has become widely used only recently, despite the principle being invoked as early as 1988. Secondly, an in-depth discourse analysis of selected landmark cases shows how the child-centred approach, in certain types of case, has gained status as the paramount consideration to the extent that it may sideline competing principles in the balancing exercise of adjudication. In the conclusion, the two types of enquiries, the statistical and the qualitative scrutiny of judgments, are combined to offer an assessment of the power of children’s rights alongside other interests in the European human rights machinery.
Turkey is ninty-nine per cent Muslim, its ruling party, Justice and Development Party (JDP), comes from but denies its Islamist pedigree and has a very secular feel. However, the deeply secular ...regime distrusts the JDP with regard to its 'true' colours. This book makes sense of these paradoxical perceptions which have characterized Turkey’s politics since the JDP has come to power in 2002.
The key momentum for shaping the nature and trajectories of the ruling party of Turkey since 2002, the JDP, has been the ‘identity’ question. The JDP’s commitment to transform Turkey’s politics was part of its engagement to remake its own identity. The JDP’s adoption of a conservative-democrat identity has rested on a new understanding of Westernization, secularism, democracy and the role and relevance of Islam in politics.
The book’s central problematic is to explain both the politics of change the JDP initiated and sustained in the first three years in office and the politics of retreat it has made from its reformist discourse since 2005. The book analyzes not just the catalysts for its reformist discourse of the first 3 years but tries to explain its reversal to an inward-looking conservative nationalist course. By approaching this topical debate from the conceptual stance rather than a party-centered approach, Ümit Cizre identifies that the change the JDP has initiated within Turkey’s political Islam and in Turkish politics is the product of an interactive process between many levels, actors, forces and historical periods. The forces and actors covered include:
global forces of Islam
the secular establishment and its popular extensions
the past and present Islamic actors in political and non-political spheres
the changing balance of forces in the region which frame the EU and the US policies toward the JDP.
Secular and Islamic Politics in Turkey is a valuable contribution to the study of globalization and ‘change’ in contemporary political Islam, the relationship between religion and politics, and secularism and political Islam. As such, it will be of interest to students and researchers alike in the area of Islamic politics, democratization, European Union and political Islam, and globalization.
Introduction: The Justice and Development Party: Making Choices, Revisions and Reversals Interactively Ümit Cizre Part 1: Historical Evolution and the Interactive Making of the Justice and Development Party 1. The Specific Evolution of Contemporary Political Islam in Turkey and Its ‘Difference’ Menderes Çinar and Burhanettin Duran 2. Problematizing the Intellectual and Political Vestiges: From ‘Welfare’ to ‘Justice and Development’ Ahmet Yildiz 3. The Emergence of Turkey’s Contemporary ‘Muslim Democrats’ Kenan Çayir 4. The Justice and Development Party’s ‘New Politics’: Steering Toward Conservative Democracy, a Revised Islamic Agenda or Management of New Crises? Burhanettin Duran Part 2: Secular Establishment and the Justice and Development Party 5. The Justice and Development Party and the Kemalist Establishment Menderes Çinar 6. The Justice and Development Party and the Military: Recreating the Past after Reforming It? Ümit Cizre Part 3: European Union Dimension 7. The Justice and Development Party and the European Union: from Euroscepticism to Euro-enthusiasm and Euro-fatigue Ali Resul Usul Part 4: Empirical Data and the Justice and Development Party 8. The Social Bases of the Justice and Development Party Ertan Aydin and Ibrahim Dalmis Conclusion Ümit Cizre
Ümit Cizre is a Professor at Bilkent University, Ankara,Turkey. She is a former Fulbright Research Scholar in Princeton University and Jean Monnet Research Fellow in Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, Italy.
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