This article explores forced migration and policy transition in East Africa using the case study of Kenya—a key regional destination for forced migrants. Using a descriptive and historical approach ...to highlight the dynamics of forced migration (1990–2021), the study emphasizes on what factors underlie the change of policy from integration to encampment. The author argues that central to this transition are discourses on national security, domestic, and regional politics. Using the theory of securitization, the study finds that assumptive blames on forced migrants expose them to greater vulnerabilities, while failure to recognize the challenges facing host states also undermines the management of forced migrants. The author concludes that the principles of global cosmopolitanism should underlie response and that when critical national interests necessitate stricter limitations on the extent to which forced migrants can enjoy certain rights and freedoms, then the international community must strive to play a greater role to minimize risks to both host nations and forced migrants.
Abstract
New Zealand provides a unique comparative case with its well‐embedded, comprehensive and flexible public dispute resolution services. Changes from collective to individual disputes and a ...resulting rise in institutional caseload have occurred since 1990, culminating in increased public information, enforcement and dispute resolution efforts. However, debates exist about improving access to justice, reducing legalism and providing proactive conflict resolution.
This report is a summary of the data contained on the farmland sales portion of the Minnesota Land Economics (MLE) web site (http://landeconomics.umn.edu ) as of February 1, 2022. It is formally ...reissued each year, as new sales data become available. The present document consists largely of graphs and tables summarizing sales over the past twenty-four years. It provides averages at the multi-county region and at the statewide levels of aggregation. Individual transaction data are available for downloading and analysis at the MLE web site.
A brief review of the Indian transport sector in the past few decades is provided in this article. It is shown that the period has witnessed a gradual transformation from rail-dominated transport to ...road-dominated transport. Infrastructure bottlenecks such as lack of roads and railways network and aircraft are the limiting factors. Emission of local pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO
2) because of fuel consumption in transport were estimated. Future transport performance is projected using cointegrating econometric models. The models project that passenger traffic in India is likely to grow at more than 8% per year and freight traffic at more than 5% per year during the period 1990–2021. This will increase the energy consumption and CO
2 emissions at equivalent rates. The effects of various policy options aimed at reducing energy consumption and CO
2 emission were analysed using a scenario approach. The scenario analysis shows that efficiency improvements can reduce future energy consumption and CO
2 emissions by 26%. If the modal split is promoted in favour of public transport modes (rail and public road transport), about 45% reduction in energy requirements and CO
2 emissions is expected.
