Different possibilities for the location of the microphone are provided when it is desired to determine the sound levels outdoors. With regard to this topic, the ISO 1996-2 standard proposes a series ...of corrections depending on the distance to the façade of the buildings to evaluate the incident sound field, thus correcting the effect of reflections. In this regard, in the case of the microphone located on a reflecting surface, the standard establishes two options: on the one hand, to place the microphone directly on the façade, and on the other hand, to use a plate on the surface. This work shows a comparative study of the acoustic behaviour of two plates with identical geometries through in situ measurements, both in broadband and frequency bands. One of them is made of aluminium, following the explicit recommendation of the ISO 1996-2 standard. The other plate is made of methacrylate to look for a less dense material and, consequently, to obtain a plate that is more easily transportable. Different measurement conditions have been considered to evaluate the differences and similarities between the two plates. The results obtained in different measurement configurations show an equivalent acoustic behaviour of both plates. Consequently, the alternative use of a methacrylate plate instead of an aluminium plate could be considered adequate according to the indications of the ISO 1996-2 standard.
How does the structure of the families behind business groups affect the group's organization, governance, and performance? We construct a unique dataset of family trees and business groups for 93 of ...the largest business families in Thailand. We find a strong positive association between family size and family involvement in the ownership and control of the family businesses. The founders’ sons play a central role in both ownership and board membership, especially when the founder of the group is dead. Greater involvement by sons is also associated with lower firm-level performance, especially when the founder is dead. One hypothesis that emerges from our analysis is that part of the decay of family-run groups over time is due to the dilution of ownership and control across a set of equally powerful descendants of the founder, which creates a “race to the bottom” in tunneling resources out of the group firms.
This study investigates the antipoverty efficacy of minimum wage policies. Proponents of these policies contend that employment impacts are negligible and suggest that consumers pay for higher labor ...costs through imperceptible increases in goods prices. Adopting this empirical scenario, the analysis demonstrates that an increase in the national minimum wage produces a value-added tax effect on consumer prices that is more regressive than a typical state sales tax and allocates benefits as higher earnings nearly evenly across the income distribution. These income-transfer outcomes sharply contradict portraying an increase in the minimum wage as an antipoverty initiative.
I develop a novel view of the trade frictions between rich and poor countries by arguing that to reconcile bilateral trade volumes and price data within a standard gravity model, the trade frictions ...between rich and poor countries must be systematically asymmetric, with poor countries facing higher costs to export relative to rich countries. I provide a method to model these asymmetries and demonstrate the merits of my approach relative to alternatives in the trade literature. I then argue that these trade frictions are quantitatively important to understanding the large differences in standards of living and total factor productivity across countries.
El TJUE aclara un aspecto relevante de la coexistencia entre el Convenio de La Haya de 1996 y el Reglamento (CE) 2201/2003. En concreto, determina que si una vez iniciado el procedimiento en un ...Estado miembro el niño cambia su residencia a un tercer Estado parte del Convenio de 1996, se aplica este con preferencia al Reglamento. No hubiera estado de más que una cuestión de esta relevancia hubiera sido aclarada por el legislador europeo en la nueva versión del Reglamento.
This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program, that was mandated by the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act ...(PRWORA), showing trends over time in wages for mothers who received welfare benefits in 1996, using the power of a longitudinal data set: a nationally representative sample of 1000 welfare mothers in the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), linked to their IRS wage records from 1996 to 2007. Only one in ten of the 1996 cohort of welfare mothers received wages that were at least 175% of the poverty line by 2007. By 2007, only one in six of those with more than a high school diploma achieved this level of economic self‐sufficiency. For all time periods, the federal Earned Income Tax Credit, had a positive impact for only the lowest wage earners, that is, with earnings below half the poverty line. Our results provide a commentary on the validity of neoliberal assumptions underlying the long‐term implementation of the PRWORA. Analyses of future SIPP panels will determine whether these trends continued.
摘要
本文通过使用一项纵向数据集—1996年收入和计划参与调查（SIPP）中一项由1000名参与福利计划的母亲组成的全国代表性样本—并将该数据集与1996‐2007年间她们在美国国税局的工资记录相联系，展示了这些母亲随时间推移的工资趋势。她们之中仅有十分之一的人在2007年的收入不低于贫困线的175%。2007年，她们之中拥有高中文凭及以上的人里仅有六分之一实现了经济自足。在1996‐2007年里，联邦收入所得税抵免（EITC）仅对最低收入获得者产生了积极影响，即那些收入低于贫困线一半的人群。我们的研究结果初步评论了1996年《个人责任与就业机会协调法》（PRWORA）长期执行过程中隐藏的新自由主义假设。分析未来SIPP面板数据的研究将确定这些趋势是否会继续。
Resumen
Este documento muestra las tendencias a lo largo del tiempo en los salarios de las madres que recibieron beneficios de asistencia social en 1996, utilizando el poder de un conjunto de datos longitudinal, una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de 1000 madres de asistencia social en la Encuesta de Ingresos y Participación en Programas de 1996 (SIPP), vinculada a su IRS. registros salariales de 1996 a 2007. Solo una de cada diez de la cohorte de 1996 de madres de bienestar recibió salarios que eran al menos el 175% de la línea de pobreza en 2007. En 2007, solo una de cada seis de las que tenían más de un diploma de escuela secundaria logró este nivel de autosuficiencia económica. Para todos los períodos de tiempo, el Crédito Tributario por Ingreso del Trabajo (EITC) tuvo un impacto positivo solo para los asalariados más bajos, es decir, con ingresos por debajo de la mitad de la línea de pobreza. Nuestros resultados proporcionan un comentario preliminar sobre los supuestos neoliberales que subyacen a la implementación a largo plazo de la Ley de Reconciliación de Responsabilidad Personal y Oportunidades Laborales de 1996 (PRWORA). Los análisis de los futuros paneles SIPP determinarán si estas tendencias continuaron.
Non-consensual pornography is an act of violence that undermines the dignity, reputation and honor of people. This research presents some of the existing legal alternatives to face these acts of ...violence with intellectual property law, specifically with copyright. This research is based on the legal system of the United States of America, the United States Copyright Law of 1976, the Electronic Non-Theft Act of 1997, The Communication Decency Law of 1996, The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 and the exceptions and clarifications presented by the jurisprudence. The investigation concludes that there are alternatives available to victims of these acts of non-consensual pornography. However, to make North American copyright remedies accessible to victims, it is recommended to amend some of the current Acts analyzed.
A pornografia não consensual é um ato de violência que mina a dignidade, a reputação e a honra das pessoas. Esta pesquisa apresenta algumas das alternativas jurídicas existentes para enfrentar esses atos de violência com a lei de propriedade intelectual, especificamente com direitos autorais. Esta pesquisa é baseada no sistema jurídico dos Estados Unidos da América, a lei de direitos autorais de 1976, a Lei de Não-Roubo Eletrônico de 1997, a Lei de Decência de Comunicação de 1996, a Lei de Privacidade Eletrônica no Comunicações de 1986, a Lei de Direitos Autorais no Milênio Digital de 1998 e as exceções e esclarecimentos apresentados pela jurisprudência. A investigação conclui que existem alternativas disponíveis para as vítimas desses atos de pornografia não consensual. No entanto, para tornar os recursos de direitos autorais americanos mais acessíveis às vítimas, recomenda-se alterar algumas das leis atuais analisadas.
La pornografía no consentida es un acto de violencia en la que atentan contra la dignidad, reputación y honor de las personas. En esta investigación se presentan algunas de las alternativas jurídicas existentes para enfrentar estos actos de violencia con el derecho de la propiedad intelectual, específicamente con el derecho de autor. Esta investigación se basa en el ordenamiento jurídico de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, en la que se analizó la Ley de Derecho de Autor de 1976, la Ley de No Robo Electrónico de 1997, La Ley de Decencia de las Comunicaciones de 1996, La ley de Privacidad Electrónica en las Comunicaciones de 1986, la ley de Derechos de Autor en el Milenio Digital de 1998 y las excepciones y aclaraciones que presenta la jurisprudencia. La investigación concluye que hay alternativas disponibles para las víctimas de estos actos de pornografía no consentida. Sin embargo, para hacer más accesible a las víctimas los remedios del derecho de autor norteamericano, se recomienda enmendar algunas de las leyes vigentes analizadas.
Over the past 50 years, a sequence of destructive earthquakes, such as the 1968 (Mw 7.2), 1996 Tonimi (Mw 7.9), and 2018 Palu (Mw 7.5) earthquakes, occurred on the Palu-Koro strike-slip fault and the ...Minahassa Megathrust, which caused catastrophic disasters in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. To explore the relationship between fault interaction and earthquake migration in this target area, we simulated the Coulomb stress change (ΔCFS) caused by 13 historical large earthquakes (M ≥ 6.0) since 1968. We show that the 1968 earthquake (Mw 7.2) on the Palu-Koro Fault promoted the 1996 earthquake sequence (Mw 7.9, Mw 6.6, and Mw 7.0) on the Minahassa Megathrust by transferring positive stress to its western edge with a maximum ΔCFS value of 124 kPa before 1996. Consequently, the 1996 earthquake (Mw 7.9) promoted six large earthquakes (M ≥ 6.0) including the 2018 Palu earthquake (Mw 7.5) on the Palu-Koro Fault between 1998 and 2020 via stress loading over the entire Palu-Koro Fault with a maximum ΔCFS value of 76 kPa. Via a positive feedback, these six earthquakes have increased stress at the western edge of the Minahassa Megathrust with a maximum ΔCFS value of 265 kPa up to 2020, resulting in increased seismic and consequent tsunami hazards in this region. Based on these risks, close attention should be paid to the future seismic hazards in Central Sulawesi. These findings suggest that the Palu-Koro Fault and the Minahassa Megathrust constitute a coupled fault system in which seismicity in either fault might bring the other closer to failure. Our results provide new insights into the causes of earthquake generation, migration, and hazard estimation in Central Sulawesi, and provide a basis for understanding stress transfer and seismic activity in strike-slip and thrust fault systems globally.
•The Palu-Koro Fault and Minahassa Megathrust formed a coupled fault system in which seismicity in either fault might bring the other closer to failure.•The 1968 earthquake (Mw 7.2) on the Palu-Koro Fault promoted the 1996 earthquake sequence on the Minahassa Megathrust by stress loading.•The 1996 earthquake (Mw 7.9) promoted six large earthquakes on the Palu-Koro Fault since 1998 by stress loading.•The 2018 Palu earthquake (Mw 7.5) on the Palu-Koro Fault increased the seismic hazards from the Minahassa Megathrust by stress loading.
The earthquake of Chimbote occurred on February 21, 1996 in the northern region of Peru. Despite its relatively small magnitude, it generated a tsunami of 2–3 m height in Chimbote, taking the lives ...of 12 people. We conducted the signal processing of 31 broadband teleseismic stations, and waveform inversion to obtain the slip distribution and source time function, which indicated a multiple rupture process. The rupture process had a duration of 70 s, a rather high value for a relatively small earthquake. The calculated scalar seismic moment was 2.19×1020 Nm, corresponding to a moment magnitude of Mw 7.5. The slip distribution was heterogeneous, with a maximum slip of 8.9 m around the main asperity concentrated in an area of 30×30km2, for an constrained rigidity of 1.46×1010N/m2. We also calculated the vertical coseismic deformation for 45 subfaults, which was used as an initial condition for the tsunami propagation modelling. Simulated tsunami waveforms were calculated for Salaverry (Hmax=0.81 m), Santa (Hmax=4.62 m) and Chimbote (Hmax=2.67 m) tidal stations.
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•The duration of the seismic rupture of the 1996 Chimbote tsunami-earthquake (Mw 7.5) was 70 s and the rupture velocity was 1.6 km/s.•To obtain the slip distribution of the 1996 Chimbote-Peru earthquake, the teleseismic waveform inversion method was used.•The deformation pattern was calculated to simulate the tsunami propagation. The tsunami waveforms were obtained in seven tidal stations located in Peruvian coast.
The speed with which disease outbreaks are recognized is critical for establishing effective control efforts. We evaluate global improvements in the timeliness of outbreak discovery and communication ...during 2010-2014 as a follow-up to a 2010 report. For all outbreaks reported by the World Health Organization's Disease Outbreak News, we estimate the number of days from first symptoms until outbreak discovery and until first public communication. We report median discovery and communication delays overall, by region, and by Human Development Index (HDI) quartile. We use Cox proportional hazards regression to assess changes in these 2 outcomes over time, along with Loess curves for visualization. Improvement since 1996 was greatest in the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific regions and in countries in the middle HDI quartiles. However, little progress has occurred since 2010. Further improvements in surveillance will likely require additional international collaboration with a focus on regions of low or unstable HDI.
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