The advocacy trap Noakes, Stephen
2018., 20171227, 2017, 2017-12-27
eBook
What does China's rise mean for transnational civil society? What happens when global activist networks engage a powerful and norm-resistant new hegemon? This book combines detailed ethnographic ...research with cross-case comparisons to identify key factors underpinning variation in the results and processes of advocacy on a range of issues affecting both China and the world, including global warming, intellectual property rights, HIV/AIDS treatment, the use of capital punishment, suppression of the Falun Gong religious movement, and Tibetan independence. Built on a unique blend of comparative and international theory, it advances the notion of "advocacy drift"-a process whereby the objectives and principled beliefs of activists are transformed through interaction with the Chinese state. The book offers a timely reassessment of transnational civil society, including its power to persuade and to leverage the policies of national governments.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are considered one of the main tools in both fisheries and conservation management to protect threatened species and their habitats around the globe. However, MPAs are ...underrepresented in marine environments compared to terrestrial environments. Within this context, we studied the Atlantic non-breeding distribution of the southern population of Balearic shearwaters (Puffinus mauretanicus) breeding in Eivissa during the 2011-2012 period based on global location sensing (GLS) devices. Our objectives were (1) to identify overall Important Atlantic Areas (IAAs) from a southern population, (2) to describe spatio-temporal patterns of oceanographic habitat use, and (3) to assess whether existing conservation areas (Natura 2000 sites and marine Important Bird Areas (IBAs)) cover the main IAAs of Balearic shearwaters. Our results highlighted that the Atlantic staging (from June to October in 2011) dynamic of the southern population was driven by individual segregation at both spatial and temporal scales. Individuals ranged in the North-East Atlantic over four main IAAs (Bay of Biscay: BoB, Western Iberian shelf: WIS, Gulf of Cadiz: GoC, West of Morocco: WoM). While most individuals spent more time on the WIS or in the GoC, a small number of birds visited IAAs at the extremes of their Atlantic distribution range (i.e., BoB and WoM). The chronology of the arrivals to the IAAs showed a latitudinal gradient with northern areas reached earlier during the Atlantic staging. The IAAs coincided with the most productive areas (higher chlorophyll a values) in the NE Atlantic between July and October. The spatial overlap between IAAs and conservation areas was higher for Natura 2000 sites than marine IBAs (areas with and without legal protection, respectively). Concerning the use of these areas, a slightly higher proportion of estimated positions fell within marine IBAs compared to designated Natura 2000 sites, with Spanish and Portuguese conservation areas being the most visited. Our results support the current design of conservation areas in Spain and Portugal regarding the protection of adult breeders of this highly mobile species.
The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is the leading mode of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific. However, it remains unknown to what extent external forcings can influence the PDO’s ...periodicity and magnitude over the past 2000 years. We show that the paleo-assimilation products (LMR) and proxy data suggest a 20–40 year PDO occurred during both the Mediaeval Climate Anomaly (MCA, ~ 750–1150) and Little Ice Age (LIA, ~ 1250–1850) while a salient 50–70 year variance peak emerged during the LIA. These results are reproduced well by the CESM simulations in the all-forcing (AF) and single volcanic forcing (Vol) experiments. We show that the 20–40 year PDO is an intrinsic mode caused by internal variability but the 50–70 year PDO during the LIA is a forced mode primarily shaped by volcanic forcing. The intrinsic mode develops in tandem with tropical ENSO-like anomalies, while the forced mode develops from the western Pacific and unrelated to tropical sea surface temperature anomalies. The volcanism-induced land–sea thermal contrast may trigger anomalous northerlies over the western North Pacific (WNP), leading to reduced northward heat transport and the cooling in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE), generating the forced mode. A 50–70 year Atlantic multidecadal oscillation founded during the LIA under volcanic forcing may also contribute to the forced mode. These findings shed light on the interplay between the internal variability and external forcing and the present and future changes of the PDO.
Anniversaries and jubilees play a central role in the "doing" of history. They qualitatively and quantitatively expand the group of people who consume and produce "history," while different history ...media correspond and compete with each other. Celebrations and ceremonies, plays and productions address individual and collective identities and (re)produce a sense of belonging to (imagined) communities.
Afganistan Lindisfarne, Nancy; Neale, Jonathan
2021
eBook
Odprti dostop
In Afghanistan: The End of the Occupation, Nancy Lindisfarne and Jonathan Neale offer a clear and succint view of the last fifty years of Afghan history, ending with the recent defeat and retreat of ...Western occupation forces. The authors, American-English anthropologists, began their fieldwork in Afghanistan almost fifty years ago, and they write about that country and its inhabitants with exemplary knowledge and exceptional understanding. Their narrative includes the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, the civil war that followed the Soviet retreat, the seizure of power by the Taliban in the mid-1990s, the US military intervention late in 2001 that removed the Taliban from power, and the next twenty years of American occupation assisted by European powers. Afghanistan: The End of the Occupation was written immediately after the liberation of Afghanistan. With the informatiion it brings to our knowledge and the rejection of stereotypes and prejudice about Afghanistan in general and the Taliban in particular, it has contributed to better understanding of that world-changing event. So far, the text has been translated in eight languages.
Austenitic and ferritic stainless-steel interlayers for resistance spot welding of an AlSi-coated 2000MPa UTS press-hardened boron steel and a 6022-T4 aluminium alloy were investigated to improve ...joint performance. CALPHAD and kinetic-based simulations were explored to determine the effects of Cr on the formation of Fe–Al intermetallic compounds. Selected area diffraction reveals the formation of FeCrAl9 along the interlayer-Al interface and suppresses the formation of FeAl3. The implementation of stainless-steel interlayers significantly improved the mechanical performance of the joint, with the 430 foil condition experiencing a substantial decrease in the Fe–Al intermetallic.
European forest policymaking is shaped by progressing European integration, yet with notable ideological divisions and diverging interests among countries. This paper focuses on the coalitional ...politics of key environmental forest issues: biodiversity conservation, timber legality, and climate protection policy. Combining the Advocacy Coalition Framework and the Shifting Coalition Theory, and informed by more than 186 key informant interviews and 73 policy documents spanning a 20-year timeframe, we examine the evolution of coalitional forest politics in Europe. We find that the basic line-up has remained stable: an environmental coalition supporting EU environmental forest policy integration and a forest sector coalition mostly opposing it. Still, strategic alliances across these coalitions have occurred for specific policy issues which have resulted in a gradual establishment of an EU environmental forest policy. We conclude with discussion of our findings and provide suggestions for further research.
Riverine ecosystems are among the most impacted ecosystems worldwide since they are exposed to multiple stressors. Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes is the main human imprint on those ecosystems ...whose spatiotemporal habitat destructions pose a threat to biodiversity, ecosystem integrity and ecological processes. The most important statutory instruments for riverine ecosystem protection, conservation and restoration in the European Union are the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Habitats and Birds Directive (HBDs). In this study, we develop a methodological framework to spatially link the ecological integrity of river sub-basins with the protected areas therein, taking into account the influence of land use as expressed in the WFD. We combined a multi-criteria evaluation approach using six of the most frequently applied criteria for conservation evaluation to assess river basin integrity (RBI) index at the sub-basin level, and used as a proxy for functional connectivity categories. In addition, we used the distance of every sub-basin from the surrounding Natura 2000 sites as a measure of structural connectivity. Using ecological network design principles (i.e. Core areas; Corridors; Stepping Stones; Buffer areas; and Restoration areas), we incorporated the two aspects of connectivity into a framework, which links river management at the basin level with the site level assessment as dictated by the HBDs. We implemented this framework in a Mediterranean river basin located in Southern Tuscany, which is part of the Natura 2000 network. Six of the sub-basins (20%) have high functional connectivity, 14 sub-basins (47%) medium and 10 sub-basins (33%) low functional connectivity. Structural connectivity of the study area followed the same tendency as that of functional connectivity, with the majority of the sub-basins having medium connectivity (57%; 17 sub-basins), and 23% (7 sub-basins) and 20% (6 sub-basins) high and low structural connectivity respectively. As a result, six of the sub-basins were characterised as corridor areas while the majority of the sub-basins were identified as buffer areas (57%). Two sub-basins were characterised restoration areas and one as stepping stone (SS). Our approach is one of many plausible ecological networks, which although analytically simple, can be enriched with data on species and stakeholders’ involvement.
•An integrated framework can link spatially the WFD with HBDs.•Ecological network design may build resilience at the river basin level.•Resilient riverscapes increase coherence of protected areas network.•HBDs and WFD may act complementary on river basin management.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore what theoretical lenses have been used to analyze and understand information sharing in supply chains. The paper elaborates on the predominant ...theories and discusses how they can be integrated to research different aspects of information sharing.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper carried out a structured literature review by using a combination of selected keywords to search for peer-reviewed articles in ten journals.
Findings
– The findings suggest that four out of ten reviewed articles explicitly apply one or more theoretical lenses. The predominant theories used include transaction cost economics, contingency theory, resource-based view, resource dependency theory and relational governance theories such as the relational view and social exchange theory.
Research limitations/implications
– These theories can be applied to analyze different aspects of information sharing. By using the theories in a complementary way, it is possible to increase our understanding of information sharing between companies related to: why and what information to share with whom, how to share and the impact of antecedents, barriers and drivers.
Practical implications
– The results of the paper highlight the importance of tailoring information sharing structures and mechanisms to the context of the transaction and the business relationship.
Originality/value
– This paper addresses how theoretical perspectives inform empirical research on information sharing in supply chains. It puts forward an integrative conceptual framework based on cross-disciplinary theories and makes specific suggestions for future empirical research in this area.
Ecological Fiscal Transfers (EFT) have recently gained attention as a promising instrument addressing public authorities to provide incentives for nature conservation. In parallel, both the EU and ...various European countries are exploring new mechanisms to mobilise funding to support biodiversity conservation. We develop a proposal for an EFT design within the supranational context of the EU and assess its potential effects with evidence-based estimates. We i) provide both a theoretical underpinning and a synthesis of the current EFT schemes and EU Nature Directives, ii) propose a model for EFT implementation within the existing EU funding mechanisms based on quantitative and qualitative conservation indicators, iii) analyse how resulting payments would be (spatially) distributed among European regions, and iv) discuss the model outcomes in terms of ecological effectiveness, distributive effects and cost-effectiveness. We thereby contribute to the debate about how to better integrate ecological public functions within multi-level and supra-national governance structures.
•A tailored proposal for upscaling ecological fiscal transfers to EU level•Empirical estimations of socio-economic and bio-geographical characteristics of beneficiaries•Evidence-based advice to improve effectiveness of conservation policies
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