We study a Chinese policy that awards substantial tax cuts to firms with R&D investment over a threshold or “notch.” Quasi-experimental variation and administrative tax data show a significant ...increase in reported R&D that is partly driven by firms relabeling expenses as R&D. Structural estimates show relabeling accounts for 24.2 percent of reported R&D and that doubling R&D would increase productivity by 9 percent. Policy simulations show that firm selection and relabeling determine the cost-effectiveness of stimulating R&D, that notch-based policies are more effective than tax credits when relabeling is prevalent, and that modest spillovers justify the program from a welfare perspective.
This book raises questions about what really matters through its account of Japan's March 11, 2011, triple catastrophe of earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown, exploring the relationship between ...culture, community, and disaster.
We report an uplift of 5 m with a horizontal displacement of more than 60 m due to the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. The uplift was measured by an ocean‐bottom pressure gauge installed before the ...earthquake on a frontal wedge, which formed an uplift system near the Japan Trench. Horizontal displacements of the frontal wedge were measured using local benchmark displacements obtained by acoustic ranging before and after the earthquake. The average displacements at the frontal wedge were 58 m east and 74 m east‐southeast. These results strongly suggest a huge coseismic slip beneath the frontal wedge on the plate boundary. The estimated magnitude of the slip along the main fault was 80 m near the trench. Our results suggest that the horizontal and vertical deformations of the frontal wedge due to the slip generated the tremendous tsunami that struck the coastal area of northeastern Japan.
Key Points
Uplift of 5 m was observed on the frontal wedge
Displacements of more than 60 m to the east were observed
The observations were interpreted as coseismic slip of 80 m
The before, the after, and the event that divides. In Irradiated Cities, Mariko Nagai seeks the dividing events of nuclear catastrophe in Japan, exploring the aftermath of the bombings at Hiroshima ...and Nagasaki and the nuclear meltdown at Fukushima. Nagai’s lyric textual fragments and stark black and white photographs act as a guide through these spaces of loss, silence, echo, devastation, and memory. And haunting each shard and each page an enduring irradiation, the deadly residue of catastrophe that leaks into our DNA. Winner of the 2015 NOS Book Contest, as selected by guest judge lê thi diem thúy.
The massive Tohoku‐Oki earthquake of a moment magnitude (Mw) of 9.0 occurred on 11 March, 2011 off the Pacific coast of the Northeastern Japan. The mass redistribution in and around the focal region ...associated with this earthquake was studied using the gravity changes detected by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite. After the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman and the 2010 Central Chile (Maule) earthquakes, the present study presents the third case of clear detection of coseismic gravity changes by GRACE. The observed gravity changes were dominated by decrease over the back‐arc region of ∼7 μGal or less. This reflects, to a large extent, coseismic crustal dilatation of the landward plate. They agree well with the changes calculated with the Green's function for the realistic earth using fault parameters inferred from coseismic crustal movements. The spatial patterns of the gravity changes of these earthquakes are very similar because they are all shallow angle reverse faulting at convergent plate boundaries. We found linear relationship between gravity decreases and seismic moments.
Key Points
GRACE detected coseisimic gravity changes by 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake
The third case that GRACE detected coseisimic gravity changes
Coseismic gravity change roughly scales with the seismic moment
Aid flowing into Syria is intended to determine the outcome of the conflict between rebel factions and Damascus. Instead, it could perpetuate the civil war and ignite larger regional hostilities that ...could reshape the political geography of the Middle East. This report examines the main factors likely to contribute to or impede the spread of violence from civil war and insurgency in Syria, and then examines how they apply to neighboring states.
Defence in depth (DiD) is a concept that has been used for many years alongside tools to optimise nuclear safety in reactor design, assessment and regulation. The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power ...plant accident provided unique insight into nuclear safety issues and raised questions about the tools used at nuclear power plants, including the effectiveness of the DiD concept, and whether DiD can be enhanced and its implementation improved. This report is intended primarily for nuclear regulatory bodies, although information included herein is expected to be of interest to licensees, nuclear industry organisations and the general public.
Countries around the world continue to implement safety improvements and corrective actions based on lessons learnt from the 11 March 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. This ...report provides a high-level summary and update on these activities, and outlines further lessons learnt and challenges identified for future consideration. It focuses on actions taken by NEA committees and NEA member countries, and as such is complementary to reports produced by other international organisations.
On 11 March 2011, the Tohoku‐oki earthquake in eastern Japan and the devastating tsunami that followed it caused severe damage and numerous deaths. To clarify the rupture process of the earthquake, ...we inverted teleseismic P‐wave data applying a novel formulation that takes into account the uncertainty of Green's function, which has been a major error source in waveform inversion. The estimated seismic moment is 5.7 × 1022 Nm (Mw = 9.1), associated with a fault rupture 440 km long and 180 km wide along the plate interface. The source process is characterized by asymmetric bilateral rupture propagation, but we also found continuous slips up‐dip from the hypocenter, which led to a large maximum slip (50 m), long slip duration (90 s), and a large stress drop (20 MPa). The long slip duration, large stress drop, extensional (normal faulting) aftershocks in a previously compressional stress regime, and low‐angle normal slips at approximately the depth of the plate interface suggest that the earthquake released roughly all of the accumulated elastic strain on the plate interface owing to exceptional weakening of the fault. The stress accumulated on the plate interface was about 20 MPa near the trench and 0–10 MPa in the down‐dip source region.
Key Points
Estimation of the detailed rupture process of the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake
Use of a novel inverse method considering uncertainty of Green's function
Suggestion of the release of roughly all accumulated strain by the earthquake
This paper analyses the factors that influence opportunity recognition (OR) of academic spin‐offs (ASOs) from a contingency perspective. We focus on factors linked to the academic entrepreneur and ...propose that their relevance for explaining OR in ASOs depends on the context in which these firms operate: discovery (the necessary information for entrepreneurs to assess the new opportunities is available in the market) versus creation (complete information about opportunity exploitation and the likelihood of achieving certain outcomes is not available in the market). Results obtained in a sample of 167 Spanish ASOs show that, in a discovery context, academic entrepreneurs' OR is positively related to entrepreneurial self‐efficacy, previous managerial experience and access to academic and industry networks. In a creation context, only entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and access to industry networks become critical to OR, whereas previous managerial experience exerts a negative effect. Our results also show that the most relevant factor in a discovery context is previous managerial experience, while in a creation context, entrepreneurial self‐efficacy is the most significant.
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