Early in 2020, the general expectation was that the coronavirus pandemic’s effects would be more severe in developing countries than in advanced economies, on both the public health and economic ...fronts. Preliminary evidence as of July 2020 supports a more optimistic assessment. To date, most low–and middle-income countries have a significantly lower death toll per capita than richer countries, a pattern that can be partially explained by younger populations and limited obesity. On the economic front, emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) have seen massive capital outflows and large price declines for certain commodities, especially oil and nonprecious metals, but net capital outflows are in line with earlier commodity price shocks. While there is considerable heterogeneity in how specific countries will be affected in the short and medium run, we are cautiously optimistic that financial markets in the largest EMDEs, especially those not reliant on energy and metal exports, could recover quickly—assuming the disease burden is ultimately not as dire in these countries. In the long run, the highest costs may be due to the indirect effects of virus containment policies on poverty, health, and education as well as the effects of accelerating deglobalization on EMDEs. An important caveat is that there is still considerable uncertainty about the future course of the pandemic and the consequences of new waves of infections.
We estimate the economic impacts on US airlines that may arise from the inclusion of aviation in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme from 2012 to 2020. We find that the Scheme would only have ...a small impact on US airlines and emissions, and that aviation operations would continue to grow. If carriers pass on all additional costs, including the opportunity costs associated with free allowances, to consumers, profits for US carriers will increase. Windfall gains from free allowances may be substantial because, under current allocation rules, airlines would only have to purchase about a third of the required allowances. However, an increase in the proportion of allowances auctioned would reduce windfall gains and profits for US airlines may decline.
► We estimate how US airlines will be impacted by the inclusion of aviation into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. ► We find that the Scheme would only have a small impact on US airlines. ► The analysis shows that aviation operations and emissions would continue to grow.
We analyzed the trends and predictors of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or rifampicin-resistant (RR) tuberculosis (TB) in culture-positive cases in Shenzhen during 2012-2020, after the implementation of ...improved strategies (scale-up molecular drug susceptibility testing mDST, expansion of DST eligibility, and generous reimbursement of MDR-TB outpatient care costs).
We retrospectively extracted and analyzed data from the TB Information System on drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed in Shenzhen during the 2012-2020 period. We analyzed trends in RR- and MDR-TB rates in new cases during 2012-2018 and 2018-2020 periods, and among previously-treated cases during 2012-2017 and 2017-2020 periods, using Cochran-Armitage tests. We generated multivariate logistic regression models to analyze demographic predictors of MDR/RR-TB rates.
We found 21,367 positive mycobacterial cultures in Shenzhen during the 2012-2020 period, and 19,951 (93.4%) were identified as
and had DST results (92.0% of those were mDST-based). Of these patients with DST results, 1630 (8.2%) were RR-TB, and 1142 (5.7%) were MDR-TB. Of the RR-TB, 70% were MDR-TB. The MDR/RR-TB rate in new TB cases increased significantly during the 2012-2018 period (
< 0.05), but it decreased in the 2018-2020 period (
> 0.05, with a significant trend for MDR-TB). Among previously treated cases, the temporal MDR/RR-TB rate trends did not differ significantly (
> 0.05). Our multivariate analysis showed that age younger than 30 years, housework service/unemployment, local residency, and previous TB treatment were all predictors of MDR/RR-TB. The percentage of patients with MDR-TB on treatment increased from 49.4% in 2012 to 70.5% in 2020. The treatment success rate of patients with MDR-TB during the 2012-2018 period was 71%.
During the study period in Shenzhen, the cases of MDR/RR-TB were detected, and the treatment enrollment increased and the MDR-TB rates decreased gradually after 2017. Decreasing trends may reflect the efficacy of improved strategies; however, their long-term impact on the MDR-TB burden remains to be investigated. The predictors of MDR-TB identified in our study should be considered when developing targeted MDR-TB control strategies.
In this paper we use ten-digit trade data that allow an accurate assessment of how the tariff structure of the Russian Federation will change as a result of the phased implementation of its World ...Trade Organization (WTO) commitments between 2012 and 2020 and how it has changed as a result of Russia's agreement to participate in a customs union with Kazakhstan and Belarus. WTO commitments will progressively and significantly lower the applied tariffs of the Russian Federation. Russian tariffs will ultimately fall to between 45 and 68 percent of their pre-accession levels, with the larger fall being on a weighted average, rather than an unweighted average basis. Nonetheless, bound tariffs will exceed applied tariffs for almost 1,500 tariff lines. Russia's commitments are not unusual, especially when compared to the transition countries that have acceded to the WTO.
Nicht Sujet, sondern Vehikel: Anhand der Humboldt-Box in Berlin erproben die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Bandes, was eine interdisziplinär betriebene Architekturwissenschaft leisten kann. Neugierig ...nähern sie sich dem umstrittenen temporären Bauwerk auf dem Schlossplatz und reagieren mit überraschenden Antworten auf Fragen, die sich an diesem zentralen Ort der Hauptstadt als einem Exempel für die Theorie des städtischen Palimpsests entzünden. Mit essayistischer Leichtigkeit und wohltuender Distanz zur ideologisch aufgeladenen »Schlossdebatte« entfaltet sich ein Kaleidoskop der Lesarten zeitgenössischer Architektur in ihrem städtisch-diskursiven Umfeld.
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