This study explores residents’ perceptions of the impacts of hosting major sports events such as the Africa Cup of Nations football tournament (AFCON) 2022 in their city. Even though previous studies ...have established that support from the local community is vital for the successful delivery of major sports events, residents continue to be side-lined, and their views ignored in the organisation of various events. A cross-sectional research design was employed, and a questionnaire used in collecting data from 1683 respondents across all five host cities of AFCON 2022 in Cameroon. The main finding of this study is that the respondents perceive social, economic and community impacts from hosting the AFCON 2022 to be particularly high and that there are statistically significant differences between the respondents based on age groups and educational level. A major implication of this study is that organisers of sports events such as the AFCON 2022 need to pay greater attention to community perceptions if they intend to garner the support of residents. Tourism policy and planning implications are also discussed.
The 'green wave theory' has haunted the explanation of the rise of the Malay-Muslim coalition - the National Alliance (Perikatan Nasional, PN) - in the 15th Malaysian general election held in ...November 2022. PN mainly consists of two political parties, the Pan-Malaysia Islamic Party (PAS) and the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (Bersatu), a splinter of the former dominant party - the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). Although PN was not able to form a national government after the election, it has more than doubled the number of seats won by PAS and Bersatu in the last election in 2018. Expressing caution over the general belief that the 'green wave' reflected entirely the Malays' positive support to PN, this article offers another side of the story: PN's gain was UMNO's further decline due to factionalism and elite break-up, manifested in disengagement, sabotage and party switching among its estranged leaders.
•HPAIVs caused the largest number of outbreaks in Japan during the winter of 2022/2023.•HA genes were divided into 3 subgroups (G2b, G2d, and G2c) of clade 2.3.4.4b.•G2c viruses, which caused the ...largest number of outbreaks, likely originated from H5N1 viruses in Asia and Russia.•HPAIVs were divided into 17 genotypes because of different internal genes.•Multiple genotypes were generated by reassortment with wild birds AIVs in North America as well as Eurasian countries.
High pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5N1 and H5N2 subtypes were responsible for 84 HPAI outbreaks on poultry premises in Japan during October 2022–April 2023. The number of outbreaks during the winter of 2022–2023 is the largest ever reported in Japan. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analyses using the full genetic sequences of HPAIVs isolated in Japan during 2022–2023 and those obtained from a public database to identify their genetic origin. Based on the hemagglutinin genes, these HPAIVs were classified into the G2 group of clade 2.3.4.4b, whose ancestors were H5 HPAIVs that circulated in Europe in late 2020, and were then further divided into three subgroups (G2b, G2d, and G2c). Approximately one-third of these viruses were classified into the G2b and G2d groups, which also included H5N1 HPAIVs detected in Japan during 2021–2022. In contrast, the remaining two-thirds were classified into the G2c group, which originated from H5N1 HPAIVs isolated in Asian countries and Russia during the winter of 2021–2022. Unlike the G2b and G2d viruses, the G2c viruses were first detected in Japan in the fall of 2022. Importantly, G2c viruses caused the largest number of outbreaks throughout Japan over the longest period during the season. Phylogenetic analyses using eight segment genes revealed that G2b, G2d, and G2c viruses were divided into 2, 4, and 11 genotypes, respectively, because they have various internal genes closely related to those of avian influenza viruses detected in wild birds in recent years in Asia, Russia, and North America, respectively. These results suggest that HPAIVs were disseminated among migratory birds, which may have generated numerous reassortant viruses with various gene constellations, resulting in a considerable number of outbreaks during the winter of 2022–2023.
Low-temperature bonding has become a significant trend in advanced electronics packaging technology. A low-reflow-temperature process can effectively reduce the risk of warpage, thus greatly ...enhancing device reliability. SnBi eutectic solder is one of the best candidates for low-temperature assembly. In this study, first, a layer of pre-solder (Sn-0.3Ag-0.7 Cu, SAC0307) was reflowed; then, another layer of low-temperature solder (Sn-56Bi-1Ag-0.2Cu, SB102) was reflowed on top to create a hybrid solder joint. Small bismuth precipitates were uniformly distributed in the SAC0307 layer after long-term aging. Cross-sectional images were examined to analyze the kinetics between the SB102/SAC interdiffusion reaction. Shear tests and fracture surface analyses were undertaken to investigate the joint strength and the failure mode. The SAC0307 layer prevented the solder embrittlement by reducing the ratio of Bi-rich phases in the SB102 matrix and successfully transformed the mechanical fracture mode from brittle to ductile. The results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the solder joint were greatly improved after long-term heat treatment.
