The rapid increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of smart devices has spurred the demand for extremely large-capacity wireless networks. Thus, faster data transmission rates and greater ...spectral efficiency have become critical requirements in modern-day networks. The ubiquitous 5G is an end-to-end network capable of accommodating billions of linked devices and offering high-performance broadcast services due to its several enabling technologies. However, the existing review works on 5G wireless systems examined only a subset of these enabling technologies by providing a limited coverage of the system model, performance analysis, technology advancements, and critical design issues, thus requiring further research directions. In order to fill this gap and fully grasp the potential of 5G, this study comprehensively examines various aspects of 5G technology. Specifically, a systematic and all-encompassing evaluation of the candidate 5G enabling technologies was conducted. The evolution of 5G, the progression of wireless mobile networks, potential use cases, channel models, applications, frequency standardization, key research issues, and prospects are discussed extensively. Key findings from the elaborate review reveal that these enabling technologies are critical to developing robust, flexible, dependable, and scalable 5G and future wireless communication systems. Overall, this review is useful as a resource for wireless communication researchers and specialists.
Simultaneous transmission of fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave (MMW) and sub-THz signals through a fiber-free-space optical (FSO)-5G new radio (NR) converged system is successfully achieved. It ...is an inventive demonstration that utilizes a cross medium of optical fiber, optical wireless, and RF wireless to enhance the aggregate transmission rate to 60 Gb/s. We transmitted 20 Gb/s in the 50-GHz MMW, 100-GHz sub-THz, and 150-GHz sub-THz bands at the same time through the seamless fiber-FSO-5G NR convergence, comprising 20-km single-mode fiber (SMF), 500-m optical wireless, and 2-m (50-GHz MMW)/1-m (100-GHz sub-THz)/0.5-m (150-GHz sub-THz) 5G wireless transmissions. Sufficiently low bit error rate (< forward error correction criterion of 3.8×10 −3 ) and error vector magnitude (<third-generation partnership project limit of 12.5%) are attained to satisfy the requirements of 5G NR communications in MMW and sub-THz bands. This newly-built fiber-FSO-5G NR converged system shows promise for the development of long-haul wired-wireless transmissions with wider service areas and higher access data rates.
This article presents the first 39-GHz phased-array transceiver (TRX) chipset for fifth-generation new radio (5G NR). The proposed transceiver chipset consists of 4 sub-array TRX elements with ...local-oscillator (LO) phase-shifting architecture and built-in calibration on phase and amplitude. The calibration scheme is proposed to alleviate phase and amplitude mismatch between each sub-array TRX element, especially for a large-array transceiver system in the base station (BS). Based on LO phase-shifting architecture, the transceiver has a 0.04-dB maximum gain variation over the 360° full tuning range, allowing constant-gain characteristic during phase calibration. A phase-to-digital converter (PDC) and a high-resolution phase-detection mechanism are proposed for highly accurate phase calibration. The built-in calibration has a measured accuracy of 0.08° rms phase error and 0.01-dB rms amplitude error. Moreover, a pseudo-single-balanced mixer is proposed for LO-feedthrough (LOFT) cancellation and sub-array TRX LO-to-LO isolation. The transceiver is fabricated in standard 65-nm CMOS technology with flip-chip packaging. The 8TX-8RX phased-array transceiver module 1-m OTA measurement supports 5G NR 400-MHz 256-QAM OFDMA modulation with -30.0-dB EVM. The 64-element transceiver has a EIRPMAX of 53 dBm. The four-element chip consumes a power of 1.5 W in the TX mode and 0.5 W in the RX mode.
A Tutorial on 5G NR V2X Communications Garcia, Mario H. Castaneda; Molina-Galan, Alejandro; Boban, Mate ...
IEEE Communications surveys and tutorials,
01/2021, Letnik:
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Journal Article
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The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has recently published its Release 16 that includes the first Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) standard based on the 5G New Radio (NR) air interface. 5G NR ...V2X introduces advanced functionalities on top of the 5G NR air interface to support connected and automated driving use cases with stringent requirements. This article presents an in-depth tutorial of the 3GPP Release 16 5G NR V2X standard for V2X communications, with a particular focus on the sidelink, since it is the most significant part of 5G NR V2X. The main part of the paper is an in-depth treatment of the key aspects of 5G NR V2X: the physical layer, the resource allocation, the quality of service management, the enhancements introduced to the Uu interface and the mobility management for V2N (Vehicle to Network) communications, as well as the co-existence mechanisms between 5G NR V2X and LTE V2X. We also review the use cases, the system architecture, and describe the evaluation methodology and simulation assumptions for 5G NR V2X. Finally, we provide an outlook on possible 5G NR V2X enhancements, including those identified within Release 17.
5G cellular networks are expected to be the key infrastructure to deliver the emerging services. These services bring new requirements and challenges that obstruct the desired goal of forthcoming ...networks. Mobile operators are rethinking their network design to provide more flexible, dynamic, cost-effective and intelligent solutions. This paper starts with describing the background of the 5G wireless networks then we give a deep insight into a set of 5G challenges and research opportunities for machine learning (ML) techniques to manage these challenges. The first part of the paper is devoted to overview the fifth-generation of cellular networks, explaining its requirements as well as its key technologies, their challenges and its forthcoming architecture. The second part is devoted to present a basic overview of ML techniques that are nowadays applied to cellular networks. The last part discusses the most important related works which propose ML solutions in order to overcome 5G challenges.
The next generation 5G radio access network (RAN) system is believed to be a true world wide wireless web (WWWW). This is because such system will seamlessly and ubiquitously connect everything, and ...support at least 1000-fold traffic volumes, 100 billion connected wireless devices, and diversified use cases as well as quality of service (QoS) requirements (e.g., reliability, latency, data rates, coverage, security, and privacy) of multimedia applications by 2020. Recently, a number of research challenges including the explosive growth in mobile traffic volumes, unprecedented connected devices, and diversified use cases have been identified for the 5G RAN systems. In addition, specific technologies such as multitier communication, massive MIMOs, mmWave backhauling, extreme densifications of nodes (UDNs), full-duplex communications (FDCs), and energy harvesting techniques have emerged in the literature to resolve some of these challenges of the 5G RAN systems. However, the research activities defining specific technical advancements for 5G RAN systems are yet to continue in the next half decade before specifications for standardization and commercialization are concluded. Motivated by the limited number of existing surveys of such technical advancements in a broader perspective (i.e., interference, spectrum-efficient, and energy-efficient management schemes), this paper seeks to take stock of state-of-the-art (SOTA) on such technical developments. Our attention focuses on relevant radio interference and resource management (RIRM) schemes that have been proposed in the last five years. Our contribution lies in the analysis, synthesis, and summarized alignments of the conventional RIRM schemes toward overcoming the identified challenges for the 5G RAN systems. Finally, the review highlights a number of open research issues deduced from recently proposed RIRM schemes.
The 5G System is being developed and enhanced to provide unparalleled connectivity to connect everyone and everything, everywhere. The first version of the 5G System, based on the Release 15 ...("Rel-15") version of the specifications developed by 3GPP, comprising the 5G Core (5GC) and 5G New Radio (NR) with 5G User Equipment (UE), is currently being deployed commercially throughout the world both at sub-6 GHz and at mmWave frequencies. Concurrently, the second phase of 5G is being standardized by 3GPP in the Release 16 ("Rel-16") version of the specifications which will be completed by March 2020. While the main focus of Rel-15 was on enhanced mobile broadband services, the focus of Rel-16 is on new features for URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication) and Industrial IoT, including Time Sensitive Communication (TSC), enhanced Location Services, and support for Non-Public Networks (NPNs). In addition, some crucial new features, such as NR on unlicensed bands (NR-U), Integrated Access & Backhaul (IAB) and NR Vehicle-to-X (V2X), are also being introduced as part of Rel-16, as well as enhancements for massive MIMO, wireless and wireline convergence, the Service Based Architecture (SBA) and Network Slicing. Finally, the number of use cases, types of connectivity and users, and applications running on top of 5G networks, are all expected to increase dramatically, thus motivating additional security features to counter security threats which are expected to increase in number, scale and variety. In this paper, we discuss the Rel-16 features and provide an outlook towards Rel-17 and beyond, covering both new features and enhancements of existing features. 5G Evolution will focus on three main areas: enhancements to features introduced in Rel-15 and Rel-16, features that are needed for operational enhancements, and new features to further expand the applicability of the 5G System to new markets and use cases.
The fifth generation (5G) wireless networks are on the way to be deployed around the world. The 5G technologies target to support diverse vertical applications by connecting heterogeneous devices and ...machines with drastic improvements in terms of high quality of service, increased network capacity and enhanced system throughput. However, 5G systems still remain a number of security challenges that have been mentioned by researchers and organizations, including decentralization, transparency, risks of data interoperability, and network privacy vulnerabilities. Furthermore, the conventional techniques may not be sufficient to deal with the security requirements of 5G. As 5G is generally deployed in heterogeneous networks with massive ubiquitous devices, it is quite necessary to provide secure and decentralized solutions. Motivated from these facts, in this paper we provide a state-of-the-art survey on the integration of blockchain with 5G networks and beyond. In this detailed survey, our primary focus is on the extensive discussions on the potential of blockchain for enabling key 5G technologies, including cloud computing, edge computing, Network Function Virtualization, Network Slicing, and D2D communications. We then explore and analyse the opportunities that blockchain potentially empowers important 5G services, ranging from spectrum management, data sharing, network virtualization, resource management to interference management, federated learning, privacy and security provision. The recent advances in the applications of blockchain in 5G Internet of Things are also surveyed in a wide range of popular use-case domains, such as smart healthcare, smart city, smart transportation, smart grid and UAVs. The main findings derived from the comprehensive survey on the cooperated blockchain-5G networks and services are then summarized, and possible research challenges with open issues are also identified. Lastly, we complete this survey by shedding new light on future directions of research on this newly emerging area.
In the year 2020, the fifth generation mobile communication will be deployed in many countries which aim to furnish a real wireless world free from present obstacles in communication system which is ...a great motivating factor for all the researchers, academicians and engineers. Researches are going all around the world to develop a new technology which will play a very important role in the successful deployment of 5G. The new technologies are being investigated that provide high speed, capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, pseudo outdoor communication, etc. that solves the existed problems in mobile communication system. In this work, a comprehensive study on key technologies, challenges, spectrum allocation, projects and present scenarios of 5G is discussed and described. The present study gives a detailed research to address the issues, and development correlated with 5G deployment. Keywords: 5G, 5G technologies, 5G projects, 5G issues, 5G spectrum
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