Canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are important tick-borne diseases with a worldwide distribution. Information has been continuously collected on these infections in Europe, and publications have ...increased in recent years. Prevalence rates are high for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. infections in dogs from different European countries. The goal of this article was to provide a practical guideline for veterinary practitioners on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in dogs from Europe. This guideline is intended to answer the most common questions on these diseases from a practical point of view.
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis Bakken, Johan S; Dumler, J Stephen
Infectious disease clinics of North America,
06/2015, Letnik:
29, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, a deer tick-transmitted rickettsial infection caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is a common cause of undifferentiated fever in the northeast and upper Midwest ...United States. Patients are often initially diagnosed with a mild viral infection, and illness readily resolves in most cases. However, as many as 3% develop life-threatening complications and nearly 1% die from the infection. Although coinfections with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti occur, there is little evidence to suggest synergism of disease or a role for A phagocytophilum in chronic illness. No vaccine is available.
Review of Bovine Anaplasmosis Aubry, P; Geale, D.W
Transboundary and emerging diseases,
February 2011, Letnik:
58, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginale, is an infectious but non-contagious disease. It is spread through tick bites or by the mechanical transfer of fresh blood from infected to ...susceptible cattle from biting flies or by blood-contaminated fomites including needles, ear tagging, dehorning and castration equipment. Transplacental transmission of A. marginale may contribute to the epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis in some regions. Bovine anaplasmosis occurs in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Cattle of all ages are susceptible to infection with A. marginale, but the severity of disease increases with age. Once cattle of any age become infected with A. marginale, they remain persistently infected carriers for life. Diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis can be made by demonstration of A. marginale on stained blood smears from clinically infected animals during the acute phase of the disease, but it is not reliable for detecting infection in pre-symptomatic or carrier animals. In these instances, the infection is generally diagnosed by serologic demonstration of antibodies with confirmation by molecular detection methods. The susceptibility of wild ruminants to infection by A. marginale and the role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis are incompletely known owing to lack of published research, lack of validation of diagnostic tests for these species and cross-reaction of Anaplasma spp. antibodies in serologic tests. Control measures for bovine anaplasmosis vary with geographical location and include maintenance of Anaplasma-free herds, vector control, administration of antibiotics and vaccination.
Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne infectious diseases caused by various members from the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. Ehrlichia chaffeensis is the major etiologic ...agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME), while Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the major cause of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). The clinical manifestations of HME and HGA ranges from subclinical to potentially life-threatening diseases associated with multi-organ failure. Macrophages and neutrophils are the major target cells for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma, respectively. The threat to public health is increasing with newly emerging ehrlichial and anaplasma agents, yet vaccines for human ehrlichioses and anaplasmosis are not available, and therapeutic options are limited. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of HME and HGA.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the agent of tick-borne fever, equine, canine and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. The common route of A. phagocytophilum transmission is through a tick bite, the main ...vector in Europe being Ixodes ricinus. Despite the apparently ubiquitous presence of the pathogen A. phagocytophilum in ticks and various wild and domestic animals from Europe, up to date published clinical cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) remain rare compared to the worldwide status. It is unclear if this reflects the epidemiological dynamics of the human infection in Europe or if the disease is underdiagnosed or underreported. Epidemiologic studies in Europe have suggested an increased occupational risk of infection for forestry workers, hunters, veterinarians, and farmers with a tick-bite history and living in endemic areas. Although the overall genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum in Europe is higher than in the USA, the strains responsible for the human infections are related on both continents. However, the study of the genetic variability and assessment of the difference of pathogenicity and infectivity between strains to various hosts has been insufficiently explored to date. Most of the European HGA cases presented as a mild infection, common clinical signs being pyrexia, headache, myalgia and arthralgia. The diagnosis of HGA in the USA was recommended to be based on clinical signs and the patient's history and later confirmed using specialized laboratory tests. However, in Europe since the majority of cases are presenting as mild infection, laboratory tests may be performed before the treatment in order to avoid antibiotic overuse. The drug of choice for HGA is doxycycline and because of potential for serious complication the treatment should be instituted on clinical suspicion alone.
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is an emerging, rickettsial tick-borne disease caused by
. Sero-epidemiological data demonstrate that this pathogen has a worldwide distribution. The diagnosis ...of HGA requires a high index of clinical suspicion, even in endemic areas. In recent years, HGA has increasingly been reported from Asia and described in China, Japan, and Korea. We serologically and molecularly screened 467 patients with clinical suspicion of Anaplasmosis. The present study describes the epidemiology, clinical, and laboratory details of 6 confirmed and 43 probable cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. One of the HGA patients developed secondary invasive opportunistic
and
infection during the illness, which resulted in a fatal infection. The HGA patients without severe complications had excellent treatment responses to doxycycline. The emergence of this newly recognized tick-borne zoonotic HGA in North India is a significant concern for public health and is likely underdiagnosed, underreported, and untreated. Hence, it is also essential to establish a well-coordinated system for actively conducting tick surveillance, especially in the forested areas of the country.IMPORTANCEThe results of the present study show the clinical and laboratory evidence of autochthonous cases of
in North India. The results suggest the possibility of underdiagnosis of HGA in this geographical area. One of the HGA patients developed secondary invasive opportunistic
and
infection during the illness, which resulted in a fatal infection.
We report a death from transfusion-transmitted anaplasmosis in a 78-year-old man. The patient died of septic shock 2 weeks after a perioperative transfusion with erythrocytes harboring Anaplasma ...phagocytophilum. The patient's blood specimens were positive for A. phagocytophilum DNA beginning 7 days after transfusion; serologic testing remained negative until death.
We prospectively examined the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for anaplasmosis using patients with suspected diagnoses in France. PCR (sensitivity 0.74, specificity 1) was the best-suited test. ...Serology had a lower specificity but higher sensitivity when testing acute and convalescent samples. PCR and serology should be used in combination for anaplasmosis diagnosis.
•Differential identification of Anaplasma spp. in 1219 South Korean cattle by PCR and RFLP.•Anaplasma bovis and A. capra were detected in 1.0% and 0.4% using 16S rRNA and multilocus genes.•This study ...suggests the potential of cattle to serve as reservoirs of A. capra.•The occurrence of a new emerging A. capra strain with public health and veterinary significance in Korean cattle.
Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne, infectious, non-contagious disease caused by Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, and zoonotic A. phagocytophilum. Recently, Anaplasma capra detected in goats was identified as a novel zoonotic pathogen. To determine whether A. capra can infect bovines, we used PCR to differentially diagnose Anaplasma spp. in 1219 South Korean cattle by performing multilocus gene typing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis detected the 16S rRNA gene of A. bovis and four genes from A. capra in 12 (1.0%) and five (0.4%) cattle, respectively. Supplementary discrimination between A. bovis and A. capra was accomplished by RFLP. The 16S rRNA, msp4, groEL, and gltA genes of A. capra identified in this study had much lower degrees of identity to those in A. centrale and other Anaplasma spp. A. phagocytophilum was not detected in any of the tested cattle. Although the prevalence was low, this study suggests the potential of cattle to serve as reservoirs of A. capra. Thus, further studies are needed to clarify the pathogenesis of A. capra in cattle and its possible involvement in transmission to humans.
In 2008, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) was reported from China. However, the clinical and laboratory findings, including reports of nosocomial transmission, were inconsistent with those ...reported for HGA in the United States. In 2012, it was demonstrated that the patients described in the 2008 report had all been infected with a newly discovered bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, which causes an illness with the same clinical features described for the patients in the 2008 report. This finding raises the question of HGA misdiagnosis in China and establishes the need for further studies to determine whether HGA occurs there.
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