Abstract
This article presents DiCo, an inventory of the changes in the nomenclature of four French dictionaries (Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, Dictionnaire Hachette, Le Petit Larousse and Le ...Petit Robert). For each modification recorded, DiCo provides additional information on the microstructural level, such as the linguistic labels included in the article where the change occurred. Based on a manual comparison of the successive editions of a given dictionary, DiCo can be the starting point for quantitative and qualitative metalexicographical studies. The description of the diachronic evolution of a dictionary and the comparison of different dictionaries reveal that not only does lexicographical change reflect language evolution, but that the content of a dictionary is also bound to the editorial policy of a publishing house, itself subject to change. Given the scarcity of information on this topic provided to the general public by French publishing houses, a resource facilitating metalexicographical investigations is particularly helpful. In addition to enabling a better understanding of French dictionaries, DiCo may be useful to linguists interested in lexicology and diachronic and diatopic variation. Finally, it might also prove useful for building lexicons for natural language processing.
The aim of the article is to introduce the authors’ perspective on how English loanwords are changing the structure and the content of the verbal code of Russian culture and the Russian linguistic ...pictures of the world, as well as on how the latter might change the former. Having used the continuous sampling method, observation method, and synchronic-diachronic approach (lexical semantic analysis, comparative semantic analysis, morphological and quantitative analysis), the authors have allocated and analyzed 487 loanwords, which led to the introduction of three distinguished types of interaction between the verbal code of the Russian language and foreign loanwords. The first interaction type is the process whereby the loanwords adapt semantically to the rules of the host language and culture, which leads to the complete change of a loanword meaning or its modification (15 words). The second interaction type is connected with the loanwords bringing new concepts to a host language and indicating borrowed ideas and objects (270 words). The differentiation of these two interaction types is based on the results of a synchronic and diachronic study of the loanwords in Russian. The analyzed interaction types are linked to the changes in the host language’s verbal code. A concept of a “hybrid linguistic picture of the world” is being introduced as the one constituting the third interaction type (201 words). According to the authors, the hybrid linguistic picture of the world is developing at the current stage of the Russian language and is caused by the process of the morphological adaptation of English loanwords, which is manifested in the production of hybrid words and Russian words being actively substituted by English borrowings.
El presente trabajo analiza cuatro anglicismos crudos en el español de América. Para ello contextualiza en primer lugar el origen de las voces ofreciendo el marco histórico en el que surgen. A ...continuación se repasa la presencia de las voces en cinco obras lexicográficas publicadas en los últimos diez años: el Diccionario de mexicanismos (2010), el Diccionario de uso del español de Chile (2010), el Diccionario del habla de los argentinos (2010), el Diccionario de americanismos (2010) y el Diccionario de colombianismos (2018); repertorios que comparten importantes semejanzas. En tercer lugar se rastrea de modo aleatorio la prensa de México, Chile, Colombia y Argentina con el fin de descubrir si los anglicismos shopping center, mall, outlet y black Friday forman parte del léxico común de sus hablantes. Por último, se considera el tipo de fuentes empleadas para la elaboración de los diccionarios y se hacen unas consideraciones finales.
This article creates a portrait of recent designations of nonbinary gender identities and sexual orientations in Quebec French. It addresses how purism and the condemnation of anglicisms played a ...part in this vocabulary. The most frequent neologisms in the French press in Quebec are LBGT* and queer. The Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF), Quebec’s official language institution, first condemned queer because of Quebec’s sensitive history with anglicisms and created allosexuel and altersexuel to replace it. However, these terms were found to be artificial and were not very successful, bringing the OQLF the change its initial normative judgment on queer, which is now accepted. More than the negative attitude toward anglicisms in Quebec, what played a major role in the circulation of those neologisms is the need for traditionally dominated groups to gain symbolic power by choosing their own labels, especially those used in a variety of languages worldwide, strengthening the sense of identity and belonging of historically marginalized groups and individuals.
Although modern surfing can be traced back to early 20th century Hawaii, only quite recently has surfing become a truly global phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to discuss how the arrival of such ...a new cultural phenomenon as surfing to the Spanish and Portuguese speaking world is managed linguistically, i.e. to account for how one goes about talking about surfing in Portuguese and Spanish. I propose to investigate how the existing surfing vocabulary in English affects surf talk in Portuguese and Spanish. On the one hand, I will determine which words are incorporated as such and which pieces are incorporated as semantic loans. On the other hand, I will describe what old, native vocabulary is adapted to fit the needs of surf talk. The results indicate that loans are used in roughly 65 per cent of the surfing terms in both Portuguese and Spanish. On a more detailed level, the surfing manoeuvres and conditions, for example, are mostly lexicalized using direct loans, as the terms rentry ‘re-entry’ and bottom ‘bottom turn’ used in the title indicate. Waves, on the other hand, are most often described by means of loan translations, i.e. using Portuguese and Spanish terms reflecting English uses. For example, the goal of any surfer is to ride a tube, tubo in both Portuguese and Spanish. The main difference between the two languages is found in the manoeuvre terms, where Portuguese has introduced several own expressions (e.g. cavada and rasgada) while Spanish relies almost uniquely on direct loans from English.
V prispevku prepoznavamo besedilne in leksikalne kazalnike terminološke negotovosti ter načine tega izkazovanja ob prevzemanju in prevajanju tujih strokovnih izrazov. Pri tem se osredotočamo na ...področje menedžmenta in sorodna področja, vključujoč besedila iz dveh slovenskih revij s področja menedžmenta. Ugotovili smo, da v obravnavanih revijah le mestoma naletimo na besedilne kazalnike terminološke negotovosti in da se terminološka negotovost kaže še skozi terminološke sopomenke (leksikalni kazalnik).
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