Formalismo monumental Jorge Borondo Pérez-Gómez
VAD : veredes, arquitectura y divulgación,
12/2022
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
La convocatoria del concurso para el ensanche de Barcelona, que acababa de perder sus murallas en la década de 1850, otorgó el primer premio al arquitecto Antoni Rovira i Trias y a su propuesta ...monumental y jerarquizada en torno a un punto de referencia clave: el valor del suelo. Sin embargo, desde el Ministerio de Fomento se ordenó la aplicación del Plan Cerdá, de mayor flexibilidad social.
•Urban gardens provide manifold ecosystem services.•Cultural ecosystem services are most important in urban gardens.•Urban gardens enhance social cohesion, integration and healthy lifestyles.•Urban ...gardens provide nature-based solutions for urban policy challenges.•Urban planning can enhance ecosystem services by offering vacant land for gardening.
In many European cities, urban gardens are seen as increasingly important components of urban green space networks. We adopt an ecosystem services framework to assess contributions of urban gardens to the quality of of their users. First, we identify and characterize ecosystem services provided by urban gardens. Secondly, we assess the demographic and socioeconomic profile of its beneficiaries and the relative importance they attribute to different ecosystem services. Next we discuss the relevance of our results in relation to critical policy challenges, such as the promotion of societal cohesion and healthy lifestyles. Data were collected through 44 semi-structured interviews and a survey among 201 users of 27 urban gardens in Barcelona, Spain, as well as from consultation meetings with local planners. We identified 20 ecosystem services, ranging from food production over pollination to social cohesion and environmental learning. Among them, cultural ecosystem services (non-material benefits people derive from their interaction with nature) stand out as the most widely perceived and as the most highly valued. The main beneficiaries of ecosystem services from urban gardens are elder, low-middle income, and migrant people. Our results about the societal importance of urban gardens were deemed highly relevant by the interviewed green space planners in Barcelona, who noted that our data can provide basis to support or expand existing gardening programs in the city. Our research further suggests that ecosystem services from urban gardens can play an important role in addressing several urban policy challenges in cities, such as promoting stewardship of urban ecosystems, providing opportunities for recreation and healthy lifestyles, and promoting social cohesion. We conclude that urban gardens and associated ecosystem services can play an important in urban policies aimed at enhancing quality of life in cities, particularly if access to their benefits is expanded to larger segments of the population.
A method to solve minimum-lap-time problems using quasi-steady-state models and free (i.e. not predetermined) trajectory on two-dimensional tracks has been recently proposed. This work describes the ...extension of the method to three-dimensional tracks and builds upon g-g-g diagrams (instead of the standard g-g), to account for the effects of three-dimensionality. The main features of car and motorcycle g-g-g diagrams are discussed, to get insight into the main effects of three-dimensionality and to suggest a convenient parametrisation for the subsequent optimal control problem (OCP), whose size is not affected by the complexity of the vehicle model employed to generate the g-g-g diagrams. The application of the method to the Mugello and Barcelona-Catalunya circuits is given, with vehicle datasets resembling those of a race motorcycle (MotoGP) and a race car (Formula One). The results obtained are in line with those reported in the literature using full-dynamic models, yet such dynamic models are generally associated with the solution of much larger OCP.
ABSTRACTIn places with low overall cycling levels, the uptake by people of older ages tends to be especially marginal. This study observes that current cycling promotion in low-cycling cities does ...not change this tendency and argues that the ageing of urban populations increasingly requires action to address this gap. In response, it aims to understand the cycling trajectories of older adults who cycle or aim to take up cycling. The analysis focuses on their long-term mobility biographies, reporting from qualitative and mobile research methods applied in the city of Barcelona. This paper makes insightful how later life cycling is conditioned by interactions with the urban and social environment, but also how it carries essential qualities for positive ageing. The findings indicate that cycling currently relies on intrinsic mobile capacities that make it exclusive, less achievable as everyday transport mode, and less likely to endure over the lifecourse. The paper concludes that aspiring cycling cities should pay special attention to populations with less cycling representation and makes the case to advance age-friendliness in research and urban policies that wish to build-in and maintain cycling mobility across a wider demographic.
Background & Aim
The need for a subclassification of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) intermediate‐stage (BCLC B) has arisen because of its diversity. We evaluated the prognostic capability of ...the BCLC B subclassification proposed by Bolondi et al. in patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Furthermore, we introduce a new subclassification for intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using a new parameter related to tumour burden (up‐to‐11 criteria).
Methods
Of 3268 patients treated with TACE as first‐line treatment, 821 patients with intermediate‐stage HCC were included in this study.
Results
According to the Bolondi subclassification, 208 (25.3%), 529 (64.5%), 43 (5.2%) and 41 (5%) patients were in B1, B2, B3 and B4 respectively. The B1, B2 and B3 subclasses in the Bolondi system showed significantly different survival between contiguous stages with median survival of 51.5, 26 and 14.8 months, respectively (both P<.001 for B1 vs B2 and B2 vs B3); however, survival was rather worse in B3 than B4 (14.8 vs 25 months, P=.025). According to the newly proposed subclassification, 410 (50%), 364 (44.3%) and 47 (5.7%) patients were in B1, B2 and B3 respectively. The median survival progressively decreased from B1 (44.8 months) to B2 (21.5 months) and B3 (11.3 months), with a significant difference between contiguous stages (both P<.001 for B1 vs B2 and B2 vs B3).
Conclusions
Our new BCLC B substaging system, with up‐to‐11 criteria and Child‐Pugh class as main parameters, has excellent discriminatory power to subclassify TACE‐treated patients into three prognostic substages.
In the literature, there is extensive, although in some cases inconclusive, evidence on the impact of Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) on housing prices. Nonetheless, the question of whether ...such an impact is homogenous across residential segments remains highly unexplored. This paper addresses this latter issue utilizing multifamily listing data in metropolitan Barcelona. In doing so, first the entire sample is analyzed using a hedonic model. Second, the sample is split on the basis of a multivariate segmentation. Finally, separated hedonic models are specified again. The results suggest that in general, there is a modest impact of EPC ratings on listing prices, nonetheless it is not homogeneous across housing segments: (1) for the most modern apartments, with state-of-the-art features and active environmental comfort, energy ratings seem to play a null role in the formation of prices; (2) conversely, for the cheapest apartments, apartments boasting the most basic features, and apartments located in low-income areas, the “brown discount” is enormously significant, potentially depreciating the equity of those who have the least resources to carry out an energy retrofit. These results have implications for the assessment of the EPBD and its Spanish transposition, since a very well-intentioned environmental policy could have potentially harmful social repercussions in the absence of corrective measures.
The paper analyses how between 1956 and 2009 the agrarian metabolism of the Barcelona Metropolitan Region (BMR) has become less functional, losing circularity in biomass flows and in relationship to ...its landscape. We do so by adopting a Multi-Energy Return on Investment (EROI) and flow-fund (MuSIASEM) analyses and the nexus with landscape functional structure. The study of agricultural flows of Final Produce, Biomass Reused and External Inputs is integrated with that of land use, livestock, power capacity, and population changes between 1956 (at the beginning of agrarian industrialization) and 2009 (fully industrialized agriculture). A multi-scale analysis is conducted at the landscape scale (seven counties within the Barcelona metropolitan region) as well as for the functions deployed, within an agroecosystem, by the mutual interactions between its funds (landscape, land-uses, livestock, and farming population). A complex nexus between land, livestock, dietary patterns, and energy needs is shown; we conclude that, from the perspective of the circular bioeconomy the agrarian sector has gone worse hand in hand with the landscape functional structure. Therefore, a novel perspective in landscape agroecology is opened.
This book investigates urban conflict, popular protest and social control in Barcelona during the period 1898-1937. Focusing upon the sources of anarchist power in the city and the role of the ...organised anarchist movement during the Second Republic the volume concludes with an analysis of the decline of the power of the anarchist movement during the civil war in its identification of the local conditions that made Barcelona into the capital of European anarchism.
•MNPLs were assessed in household tap waters in Barcelona.•PE, PP, PI, PBD, PS, PA, and PDMS were identified.•PE, PP, and PA were the most highly detected polymers.•Concentrations were similar to ...drinking water of other European cities.
Microplastics (MPLs) are emerging persistent pollutants affecting drinking water systems, and different studies have reported their presence in tap water. However, most of the work has a focus on particles in the 100–5 µm range.
Here, a workflow to identify and quantify polymers of micro and nanoplastics (MNPLs), with sizes from 0.7 to 20 µm in tap water, is presented. The analytical method consisted of water fractionated filtration followed by toluene ultrasonic-assisted extraction and size-exclusion chromatography, using an advanced polymer chromatography column coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization source with negative and positive ionization conditions (HPLC(APC)-APPI(±)-HRMS) and normal phase chromatography HILIC LUNA® column and electrospray ionisation source in positive and negative mode (HPLC(HILIC)-ESI(±)-HRMS). The acquisition was performed in full scan mode, and the subsequent tentative identification of MNPLs polymers has been based on increasing the confirmation level, including the characterisation of monomers by using Kendrick Mass Defect (KMD) analysis, and confirmation and quantification using standards. This approach was applied to assess MNPLs in tap water samples of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (BMA), that were collected from August to October 2020 from home taps of volunteers distributed in the 42 postal codes of the BMA.
Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyisoprene (PI), polybutadiene (PBD), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) were identified. PE, PP, and PA were the most highly detected polymers, and PI and PBD were found at the highest concentrations (9,143 and 1,897 ng/L, respectively).
A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess differences in MNPLs occurrence in drinking water, that was provided from the two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) suppliers. Results showed that no significant differences (at 95% confidence level) were established between the drinking water supplies to the different areas of the BMA.
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