Background: The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) intermediate and advanced stages (BCLC B and C) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) both include heterogeneous populations. Patients classified as ...BCLC stage B present with different tumour burdens, and the recommended treatment is transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). A similar heterogeneity of tumour burden and liver function can be found among patients classified as BCLC stage C, which includes diverse clinical features (performance status PS 1–2), macrovascular invasion (MVI) including portal vein tumour (PVT) thrombosis, and/or extra-hepatic spread. Nonetheless, the anti-tumoural treatment formally recommended by Western guidelines is systemic therapy with sorafenib. Summary: Several proposals of subclassification for both these stages have been suggested in recent years, differentiating the more appropriate treatments for each substage. In particular, for BCLC stage C patients with PVT, therapeutic indications, clinical outcomes, and response to locoregional therapy are notably different in the presence of subsegmental, segmental or main PVT. Accordingly, liver resection and transarterial therapies, such as TACE or transarterial embolization (TAE) and 90Y-radioembolization (TARE), can be performed in locally advanced HCC with intrahepatic MVI according to its extent. In fact, surgery and TACE/TAE/TARE have no contraindications in the presence of PVT limited to the subsegmental or segmental branches in Child-Pugh class A patients, whereas only TARE should be utilized when there is lobar branch involvement. The presence of PS 1 should not be sufficient to allocate patients to the advanced stage since this would preclude any potential treatment for HCC. Patients should be properly classified as BCLC C only in cases of main portal trunk PVT, and treated according to the guidelines, provided that they belong to Child-Pugh class A. Key Messages: Subclassifications of BCLC B and C stages are urgently needed and require validation in order to guide clinicians towards the most effective treatment option.
Offering a window into the history of the modern legal profession in Western Europe, Stephen Jacobson presents a history of lawyers in the most industrialized city on the Mediterranean. Far from ...being mere curators of static law, Barcelona's lawyers were at the center of social conflict and political and economic change, mediating between state, family, and society.Beginning with the resurrection of a decadent bar during the Enlightenment, Jacobson traces the historical evolution of lawyers throughout the long nineteenth century. Among the issues he explores are the attributes of the modern legal profession, how lawyers engaged with the Enlightenment, how they molded events in the Age of Revolution and helped consolidate a liberal constitutional order, why a liberal profession became conservative and corporatist, and how lawyers promoted fin-de-siecle nationalism.From the vantage point of a city with a distinguished legal tradition,Catalonia's Advocatesprovides fresh insight into European social and legal history; the origins of liberal professionalism; education, training, and the practice of law in the nineteenth century; the expansion of continental bureaucracies; and the corporatist aspects of modern nationalism.
Various studies have analysed differences in the spatial behaviour of tourists based on gender. However, the majority of them have been based on methods that collected data from informants. The ...present research assesses the feasibility of using Instagram as a tool for identifying these differences. Based on user-generated content, it uses cartography to analyse differences in tourist behaviour, segmenting tourists according to gender and whether they travelled alone or with other people. The work analyses 1114 photographs taken by 100 Instagram users (50 men and 50 women) who visited the city of Barcelona to observe differences in tourist behaviour. This is something that has hitherto received little academic attention but which is fundamental if we are to improve our knowledge of the influence of gender on the spaces that toursits visit. The results of this Instagram analysis highlight spatially differentiated behaviour. This research opens the door to using Instagram to identify different gender-related forms of tourist behaviour related to the places and themes that tourists photograph.
Managers should be aware of the different behavior of men and women, both in terms of the types of spaces photographed, and in the intensity and reasons for photographing them. This demonstrates the importance of analyzing gender in studies based on UGC, and on Instagram in particular. Understanding these different preferences can be used for marketing purposes, tailored product development and visitor management. However, it would be necessary to analyze the different situations in more detail to identify the respective causes.
ABSTRACT
Detection and reconstruction of early instrumental series is an interdisciplinary activity that allows us to extend climate data records to periods prior to the mid‐19th century, extending ...the overlapping periods with climate proxies and characterizing extreme events. In this work, the collection of several data sources corresponding to different periods and locations, obtained with a wide range of methods and instruments by institutions or private observers, provides the following results: Barcelona has a continuous rainfall series with monthly resolution since 1786 and with daily resolution since 1850. It is worth mentioning that the records from Barcelona provide the longest continuous monthly series available on rainfall in the Iberian Peninsula. The monthly records have been homogenized by using a relative homogenization approach, HOMER. The results highlight the existence of five breaks, most of them due to relocations or instrumentation changes documented in the metadata, which have been adjusted to remove non‐climatic factors. The homogenized annual and winter precipitation series in Barcelona show a statistically significant increase from 1786 to 2014, although this increase is mainly due to the concentration of negative anomalies during the first half of the 19th century, which is also clearly visible in the seasonal series. Specifically, an extreme mega‐drought episode was observed from the 1810s to the 1830s, which is supported by different proxy data. For a better dissemination of the homogenized monthly series developed in this study, the data set is freely available to the research community.
Review of Aurora Egido, “Don Quijote de la Mancha” o el triunfo de la ficción
caballeresca, Madrid, Cátedra, 2023.
Reseña de: Aurora Egido, “Don Quijote de la Mancha” o el triunfo de la ficción
...caballeresca, Madrid, Cátedra, 2023.
The lockdown social measures in Spain due to COVID-19 caused a significant decrease in urban noise levels, which was observed in most of the large cities. This paper presents an analysis of the noise ...levels in Barcelona, Spain, by means of an accurate analysis of the most relevant sensors deployed in the Barcelona Noise Monitoring Network. In this work, we present the LAeq levels in eight different locations from January 2020 to June 2020-from Superblocks to industrial zones-including and detailing all stages of the lockdown. Several comparisons were conducted with the monitoring data available from the former years (2019 and 2018-when available). The results of the analysis in Barcelona show a drastic LAeq reduction (-9 dBA), especially in nightlife areas of the city, moderate to high LAeq change (-7 dBA) in commercial and restaurants areas and a small decrease in LAeq (-5 dBA) in dense traffic areas.
La investigación de la conectividad de las sociedades pasadas a través de evidencia arqueológica ha ido integrando diversas herramientas computacionales, que han mejorado nuestra comprensión de ...las dinámicas de interacción entre grupos y territorios. Esta adopción de métodos computacionales en arqueología no ha tenido un desarrollo paralelo en la investigación histórica, pese al enorme potencial de las fuentes textuales para explorar patrones de conectividad a gran escala. Este trabajo aplica un enfoque basado en Humanidades Digitales para analizar la red de suministro de Barcelona durante el asedio llevado a cabo por los ejércitos combinados de Francia y España entre julio de 1713 y septiembre de 1714. Los resultados muestran que la ciudad, lejos del mito popular de la defensa desesperada y aislada, generó una compleja red de conectividad marítima con otros territorios imperiales que garantizó su abastecimiento e imposibilitó cualquier intento de capturar la ciudad. Este equilibrio finalizó tan sólo cuando las monarquías borbónicas desplegaron nuevos navíos de línea que consiguieron el bloqueo efectivo de la ciudad en julio de 1714, permitiendo así la derrota final de sus defensores dos meses después. Más allá del caso de estudio, el trabajo propone una metodología para el estudio de dinámicas complejas de conectividad a partir de fuentes textuales a través de la combinación de tres herramientas computacionales: la anotación de textos, los Sistemas de Información Geográfica, y la visualización de datos.
The work was conducted to establish contamination from improper disposal of hazardous wastes containing lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb) into nearby soils. Besides other elements in the affected area, the ...biological role of Sb, its behaviour in the pedosphere and uptake by plants and the food chain was considered. Wastes contained 139532 ± 9601 mg kg−1 (≈14%) Pb and 3645 ± 194 mg kg−1 (≈0.4%) Sb respectively and variability was extremely high at a decimetre scale. Dramatically high concentrations were also found for As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sn and Zn. In adjacent natural soils metal(oid)s amounts decreased considerably (Pb 5034 ± 678 mg kg−1, Sb 112 mg kg−1) though largely exceeded the directives for a given soil use. Metal(oid)s potential mobility was assessed by using H2O→KNO3→EDTA sequential extractions, and EDTA extracts showed the highest concentration suggesting stable humus-metal complexes formation. Nevertheless, selected plants showed high absorption potential of the investigated elements. Pb and Sb values for Dittrichia viscosa grown in wastes was 899 ± 627 mg kg−1 and 37 ± 33 mg kg−1 respectively. The same plant showed 154 ± 99 mg kg−1 Pb and 8 ± 4 mg kg−1 Sb in natural soils. Helichrysum stoechas had 323 ± 305 mg kg−1 Pb, and 8 ± 3 mg kg−1 Sb. Vitis vinifera from alongside vineyards contained 129 ± 88 mg kg−1 Pb and 18 ± 9 mg kg−1 Sb, indicating ability for metal uptake and warning on metal diffusion through the food chain. The biological absorption coefficient (BAC) and the translocation factor (TF) assigned phytoextraction potential to Dittrichia viscosa and Foeniculum vulgare and phytostabilization potential to Helichrysum stoechas. Dissolved metal (oid)s in the analysed water strongly exceeded the current directive being a direct threat for livings. Data warned against the high contamination of the affected area in all its compartments. Even though native plants growing in metal-contaminated sites may have phytoremediation potential, high risk of metal diffusion may threat the whole ecosystem.
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•High metal (oid)s concentrations warn on pollution hazard and pose environmental risk.•Low theoretical toxic element mobility to biota may be underestimated.•High concentration of metals and metalloids absorbed by selected plants.•Helichrysum stoechas and Dittricia vioscosa phytoremediation efficiency proved.•Foeniculum vulgare as new native plant for natural phytoremediation.
Toxic metal (oid)s persist for a long time threating ecosystems quality and human health, thus the identification of areas at risk, their extent and potential hazard through dispersal and bioavailability is of great relevance prior to establish remediation technologies.
Urban regeneration strategies since the 1980s have been framed around a recovery and extension of the urban realm by focusing on the redevelopment of streets as loci for public life and social ...interaction. Research has tended to analyse these changes through an exclusive focus on the effect spatial transformations have in reshaping social life. This article seeks to extend engagement with the concept of the regenerated street by examining its temporal dimensions. Bringing together Lefebvre’s trialectic of the conceived, the perceived and the lived with Adam’s notion of timescapes, the article argues that we need to attend more closely to the multiple temporalities that underpin interventions of urban change. In particular, this article explores how temporalities of planning, the environment and everyday life interact to create unique timescapes of urban change. By drawing on a longitudinal study of the regeneration of the Rambla del Raval in Barcelona, the article explores the multiple, at times interdependent, at times divergent temporalities that are tangled up in the making and experiencing of this street. The article suggests to approach urban regeneration as a long-term process and place making as a temporal practice where a diversity of temporal modalities interact to produce a diverse and dynamic sense of place.
Construction of underground structures (e.g., subway lines, railways and highway tunnels) is inherently hazardous, posing risks to both workers and machinery at the site and to surrounding buildings. ...The presence of groundwater may increase these risks. We develop a general probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) framework to quantify risks driven by groundwater to the safety of underground constructions. The proposed approach is fully compatible with standard PRA practices, employing well-developed risk analysis tools based on the fault tree analysis method. The novelty and computational challenges of the proposed approach stem from the reliance on a combination of approaches including extracting information from databases, solving stochastic differential equations, or relying on expert judgment to compute probabilities of basic events. The general framework is presented in a case study and used to estimate and minimize risks at a construction site of an underground station for a new subway line in the Barcelona metropolitan area.
► Underground construction below water table requires rigorous and careful planning. ► Unforeseen events during the excavation process can lead to serious problems. ► Develop a probabilistic risk assessment framework to quantify risk due to groundwater. ► The methodology is presented in a case study to estimate and minimize risk. ► Improvement strategies can be applied if required.
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