Cooperation and competition were compared in the present study. Brain correlates (electroencephalography, EEG frequency band, delta, theta, alpha, and beta) and hemodynamic measure of functional ...near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS, O2Hb) were acquired during a joined cooperative (Experiment 1) or competitive (Experiment 2) task. Subjects were required to match each other's cognitive performance (cooperation) or to make better than others (competition) in terms of accuracy (error rate, ER) and response time (RT). In addition, a personality trait measure (behavioral activation system, BAS) was used to distinguish subjects based on their rewarding attitude. Self-perception of social ranking and real performance were considered in response to subjects' performance (that was artificially manipulated to show an increasing or decreasing profile during the task).
An increased left prefrontal cortical (PFC) responsiveness was found for subjects who had higher BAS rating in case of both cooperation and competition conditions. Moreover, subjects with higher BAS ratings showed greater frontal left activity during the cooperative task. These subjects also concomitantly perceived an increasing in social ranking and improved their performance.
Present results demonstrated that some trait components (BAS) and cooperative condition induce a positive self-representation in term of ranking and a best way to perform the task, as underlined by self-perception and cognitive outcomes. Indeed the higher BAS trait proved to be related with the representation of higher social ranking and with the perception of improved cognitive outcomes, with also a significant increased left PFC activity in cooperative contexts.
In order to understand human decision making it is necessary to understand how the brain uses feedback to guide goal-directed behavior. The ventral striatum (VS) appears to be a key structure in this ...function, responding strongly to explicit reward feedback. However, recent results have also shown striatal activity following correct task performance even in the absence of feedback. This raises the possibility that, in addition to processing external feedback, the dopamine-centered “reward circuit” might regulate endogenous reinforcement signals, like those triggered by satisfaction in accurate task performance. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test this idea. Participants completed a simple task that garnered both reward feedback and feedback about the precision of performance. Importantly, the design was such that we could manipulate information about the precision of performance within different levels of reward magnitude. Using parametric modulation and functional connectivity analysis we identified brain regions sensitive to each of these signals. Our results show a double dissociation: frontal and posterior cingulate regions responded to explicit reward but were insensitive to task precision, whereas the dorsal striatum - and putamen in particular - was insensitive to reward but responded strongly to precision feedback in reward-present trials. Both types of feedback activated the VS, and sensitivity in this structure to precision feedback was predicted by personality traits related to approach behavior and reward responsiveness. Our findings shed new light on the role of specific brain regions in integrating different sources of feedback to guide goal-directed behavior.
•We investigated the sensitivity of the reward system to external reward and task-precision feedback.•Frontal and posterior cingulate regions responded to explicit reward but were insensitive to task precision.•The posterior putamen was insensitive to reward but responded strongly to precision feedback in reward-present trials.•Both external reward and precision feedback activated the ventral striatum.•The sensitivity of the ventral striatum to precision feedback was predicted by reward-related personality traits.
This investigation is centrally focused on the comprehensive evolution and enhancement of FOODIEBOT(shortened name for food delivery robot, an adaptive service automaton with a wide range of ...functionalities. Its capabilities encompass sophisticated image processing methods, seamlessly integrated via mobile applications (APP) and web interfaces, tailored specifically for intricate object manipulation in dining hall settings. During its developmental phase, the precise calibration of PID controller coefficients emerged as an essential requirement. The model underwent meticulous scrutiny through detailed simulations using MATLAB software. Following this phase, its operational efficiency navigating through circular, elliptical, spiral, and octagonal trajectories underwent rigorous examination, utilizing optimization methodologies like Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA), and Equilibrium Optimizer (EO). The exposition emphasizes the diverse dispersion of optimized coefficients within each algorithmic framework. The pinnacle of this effort involved a comprehensive evaluation of pathway performance, amalgamating insights from each optimization paradigm. The discussion extensively delineates both simulated and real-time performance metrics of the robot, validating the accuracy and reliability of simulation in deriving PID controller values. In the comprehensive evaluation of methodologies and the robotic system's effectiveness, the BAS technique excels in operational efficiency. This method consistently outperforms its counterparts in execution time, primarily due to its meticulous optimization of particle count. The comparative analysis across various trajectories reveals intriguing insights. The EO approach showcases outstanding accuracy in Path 1, while the POA method achieves optimal precision in Path 3. Impressively, the BAS technique demonstrates unparalleled accuracy in Path 4. Furthermore, in terms of solution optimization, the BAS method consistently displays the shortest execution times across all traversed pathways. When examining maximum velocity along these routes, the PSO method excels in Paths 1, 3, and 4, consistently achieving the highest speeds. Notably, Path 2 uniquely displays the peak velocity attained by the POA method. This article presents comprehensive insights into the constituent elements of the robotic system's design. The inquiry delves into the intricate nuances of optimization methodologies, elucidating their profound impact on the service automaton's performance across diverse orientations. The pragmatic implications underscore the critical role of temporal considerations in the judicious selection of these methodologies. The observed congruence between simulated and practical performance serves as a definitive validation, affirming the precision of simulation computations and the subsequent derivation of PID controller values.
Abstract The present study explored the effect of the subjective evaluation and the individual differences related to BIS and BAS (Behavioural Inhibition and Activation System) on autonomic measures ...and brain oscillations, in response to appetitive and aversive emotional stimuli. Multiple measures were recorded, such as psychophysiological (skin conductance response, heart rate, and electromyography) and frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, and gamma), during viewing IAPS figures, that varied in terms of pleasantness (appetitive vs. aversive) and arousing power (high vs. low intensity). Both BIS and BAS measures were significant in modulating behavioural, autonomic and brain oscillations responses. Withdrawal (BIS system) and appetitive (BAS system) behaviour showed opposite patterns of responses by the subjects. Also, frontal cortical site response was more significant than other sites. Nevertheless, no specific lateralization effect was found as a function of BIS/BAS dichotomy. Moreover, autonomic variables and frequency band modulations were found to be effected by valence and arousal rating per se, with an increased response for high arousing and negative or positive stimuli in comparison with low arousing and neutral stimuli. The effects of subjective evaluation and individual differences were discussed at light of coping activity model of emotion comprehension.
The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral activation system (BAS) are two fundamental motivational systems which are not only responsible for affective states, behavior and ...personality, but also related to predispositions for various forms of psychopathology. A wide range of previous studies revealed sex differences in both BIS/BAS and affective disorders (e.g., anxiety disorder) and externalizing disorders (e.g., addictive and impulsive behaviors), and a close link might exist between them. It remains to be clarified, however, whether the relationships between neuroanatomical characteristics and BIS/BAS exhibit sex differences. To investigate, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to examine sex differences in the correlations between regional gray matter volume (rGMV) and scores on the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scale in a large sample of healthy young adults (n=353). Results showed that females displayed a negative correlation between BIS sensitivity and rGMV in the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), as well as positive correlations between BAS sensitivity and rGMV in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL), whereas males showed the opposite pattern. These findings suggest that the brain regions associated with processing of negative emotions (PHG) and reward-related information (vmPFC and IPL) may contribute to sex-related differences in rGMV correlates of BIS and BAS, respectively. The present findings demonstrated the evidence of sex-linked neuroanatomical background of BIS and BAS among non-clinical subjects and might encourage future research into the gender-specific relationships between BIS/BAS and related affective disorders and externalizing disorders.
Les événements thromboemboliques veineux (ETEV) surviennent dans environ 50 % des cas au décours ou à la suite d’une hospitalisation, et sont une cause majeure de morbi-mortalité. Une ...thromboprophylaxie pendant 6 à 14jours par traitement héparinique ou fondaparinux a démontré son efficacité dans la réduction du risque de survenue d’un ETEV chez les patients hospitalisés pour pathologie médicale aiguë avec réduction de mobilité. Néanmoins, la recommandation de son utilisation a été progressivement rétrogradée, son bénéfice ayant été démontré principalement sur des événements dépistés par imagerie systématique. Par ailleurs, l’intérêt de la thromboprophylaxie prolongée après la sortie d’hospitalisation reste à démontrer. Les anticoagulants oraux directs n’ont été évalués que dans le cadre d’une thromboprophylaxie prolongée et n’ont pas de place actuellement dans la thromboprophylaxie en milieu médical. En pratique, l’évaluation du risque d’ETEV et de saignement chez les patients en milieu médical est complexe. Des scores d’évaluation du risque d’ETEV et de saignement ont été construits, et sont à ce jour non validés. Afin d’améliorer l’adéquation de la prescription de thromboprophylaxie, l’impact des différentes interventions a fait l’objet de plusieurs études avec des résultats variables. Le but de cette revue est de faire le point sur les indications de la thromboprophylaxie en milieu médical, avec les dernières données disponibles.
Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) occur in approximately 50% of cases during or following hospitalization; VTE are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Thromboprophylaxis for 6 to 14 days with heparins or fondaparinux has been demonstrated to be effective in VTE prevention in patients hospitalized for acute medical illnesses and reduced mobility. Nevertheless, the level of recommendation has been gradually downgraded as the benefit has been mainly demonstrated on the basis of systematic imaging diagnosed events. Direct oral anticoagulants have been assessed only as an extended prophylaxis, and are currently not recommended in medical thromboprophylaxis. Assessing the risk of VTE and bleeding in medical patients is complex. VTE and bleeding risk assessment scores were constructed but have not been validated. In order to improve the adequacy of prescriptions for thromboprophylaxis, the impact of different interventions has been the subject of several studies but these yielded varying results. The aim of this review is to analyze the indications for thromboprophylaxis in a medical setting with the latest available data.
Although the association of the N2 component with behavioral inhibition (BIS) has regularly been investigated, its association with other personality characteristics remains widely unknown. We ...investigated the association of the N2 with the sensitivity of the behavioral activation system (BAS). The aim was not to show that the N2 is linked to trait BAS instead of trait BIS, but that a motivating setting may alter its association with those traits. Furthermore, we aimed at replicating results indicating that the association between reasoning ability and the N2 depends on the matching of the content of the reasoning tasks and the go-nogo task. The electroencephalogram (64 electrodes, P9/P10 offline reference, Biosemi) was recorded in a sample of 117 healthy participants (60 females; age: M = 24.79, SD = 3.98), who performed a numerical learning task. At the beginning of each trial, participants heard motivating or neutral words. Participants completed Carver and White's BIS/BAS scales (1994) and the Intelligence-Structure-Test 2000R (Liepmann et al., 2007). The N2 was identified by a temporospatial principal component analysis. Structural equation models revealed that higher trait BAS scores were associated with larger N2s especially when hearing motivating words. Solely higher numerical reasoning scores were associated with larger N2s in the neutral condition. Moreover, the interaction of trait BAS with verbal reasoning ability predicted an increased negativity of the N2 with time-on-task in the motivating condition, suggesting that motivating words yielded an increase of conflict monitoring with time-on-task for participants with higher verbal reasoning ability and higher trait BAS.
•The N2 (conflict monitoring) was analyzed in a learning task with motivational cues.•Sensitivity of the behavioral activation system (BAS) was related to the N2.•Numerical reasoning ability was related to the N2.•Verbal reasoning ability × trait BAS was related to an increasing N2 over time.
•Associations between puberty and reward sensitivity in adolescence are examined.•Controlling for age, pubertal status has unique relationship to reward sensitivity.•Pubertal status has sex-specific ...unique effects on nucleus accumbens volumes.
Adolescence is characterized by complex developmental processes that impact behavior, biology, and social functioning. Two such adolescence-specific processes are puberty and increases in reward sensitivity. Relations between these processes are poorly understood. The present study focused on examining unique effects of puberty, age, and sex on reward and threat sensitivities and volumes of subcortical brain structures relevant for reward/threat processing in a healthy sample of 9–18year-olds. Unlike age, pubertal status had a significant unique positive relationship with reward sensitivity. In addition, there was a trend for adolescent females to exhibit higher threat sensitivity with more advanced pubertal development and higher reward and threat sensitivity with older age. Similarly, there were significant puberty by sex interaction effects on striatal volumes, i.e., left nucleus accumbens and right pallidum. The present pattern of results suggests that pubertal development, independent of chronological age, is uniquely associated with reward hypersensitivity and with structural differences in striatal regions implicated in reward processing.
This article examined complaint avoidance as a function of both the strength of people's motivational systems and people's expectations of conflict interactions. We suggested outcome expectancies and ...efficacy assessments mediate the associations between aversive and appetitive motivational systems, and complaint avoidance. Three hundred and sixty-six students completed measures assessing motivational systems (BIS/FFFS/BAS, RTS/RIS), outcome expectancies, efficacy assessments, and complaint avoidance behaviors. Our study provided partial support for our hypotheses that motivational systems influence complaint avoidance, and these associations are influenced by both outcome expectancies and efficacy assessments.
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