Pluvial floods are increasingly threatening urban environments worldwide due to human-induced climate change. High-resolution, state-of-the-art pluvial flood models are urgently needed to inform ...climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures but are generally not empirically tested because of the rarity of local high-intensity precipitation events and the lack of monitoring capabilities. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) collected by professionals, non-professionals and citizens and made available on the internet can be used to monitor the dynamic extent of a pluvial flood during and after an extreme rain event but is sometimes considered to be unreliable. In this paper, we explore the general utility of VGI to evaluate the performance of pluvial flood models and gain new insights to improve these models. As background for our research, we use the capital city of Budapest, which recently suffered three heavy rainfall events in just five years (2015, 2017 and 2020). For each pluvial flood event, we collected photographic evidence from different online media sources and estimated the associated water depths at various locations in the city from the image context. These were compared with the results of a 2D pluvial flood model that has been shown to provide comparable results to other state-of-the-art inundation models and is easily transferred to other urban areas due to its reliance on open data sources. We introduce a general methodology for comparing VGI with model data by probing different spatial resolutions. Our findings highlight untapped potential and fundamental challenges in using VGI for model evaluation. It is proposed that VGI may become an essential tool and improve the confidence in model-based risk assessments for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.
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•Pluvial floods are difficult to model, and most models cannot be empirically tested.•Models combine human, atmospheric, hydrological, surface and sub-surface processes.•VGI is often presumed to be unreliable, which bars its wider use.•VGI for in-situ evaluation of a generic-type pluvial flood model is demonstrated.•Utilising VGI can improve confidence in flood models and highlight deficiencies.
School architecture in Hungary is seen as an important tool in the formation of this young nation. The Hungarian school was called upon to educate a “new citizen” and a “good Hungarian”, forming in ...children the image of their beloved Motherland. The history of rural and metropolitan school construction in Hungary at the beginning of the 20th century is briefly overviewed. The little-known Hungarian experience of implementing large-scale state school construction programs, carried out with the involvement of the best architects, is interesting as a background against which the peculiarities of the Russian school architecture at the turn of the century stands out more clearly.
Social distancing guidelines established amid the COVID-19 pandemic have decreased the number of trips in urban transportation networks; furthermore, travelers have shifted away from high occupancy ...modes due to the fear of contagion. This scenario has led to reduced public transportation ridership and increased shares of private cars, cycling and walking in urban areas. In the international literature, predictive models for this scenario of changed travel behavior and imminent needs for operations and planning adjustments, however, are still scarce or limited in scope.
Holt-Winter’s multiplicative method was used to extrapolate pre-pandemic datasets as a means to evaluate the impacts of the pandemic in transportation activities in Budapest. Data from March 2020 indicate that stay-at-home orders have resulted in intra-city and commuter traffic reductions of about 35%, while public transportation ticket sales decreased by 90%. Bicycle traffic, on the other hand, increased by about 13% in the same period. These observations suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has driven significant changes in trip generation and mode choice in Budapest.
This study proposes the adjustment of a pre-existing four-step transportation model of Budapest based on the introduction of contextual explanatory variables and on the recalibration of model parameters in order to reflect pandemic-related trends in trip generation and trip distribution. The recalibration and validation of the model were based on data from the first wave of the pandemic in Hungary. Validation results, although limited, suggest that the traditional four-step models are able to capture the impacts on transportation of the atypical scenario of a pandemic with relatively simple adjustments and few data requirements.
Seit dem Machtantritt der derzeitigen ungarischen Regierung im Jahr 2010 hat sich die ungarische Hauptstadt Budapest rasant entwickelt. Die meisten der wichtigen symbolischen Räume der Stadt werden ...im Rahmen großräumiger Stadtentwicklungsprojekte umgestaltet, die von der nationalen Regierung geleitet und vom Staat finanziert werden. Diese Projekte spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der populistischen politischen Artikulation der Regierung, die sich selbst als die einzig legitimen Vertreter der „Nation“ – im Gegensatz zu einer Koalition einheimischer und internationaler „neoliberaler Eliten“ – definiert. In diesem Artikel fokussiere ich auf drei emblematische Projekte der Budapester Stadtentwicklung nach 2010 und untersuche, wie ihre institutionellen und prozeduralen Strukturen den vermeintlichen Bruch des Regimes mit der hegemonialen neoliberalen Ordnung darstellen. Zugleich erörtere ich, inwiefern diese Entwicklungsprojekte wirklich einen Bruch mit der Rationalität der neoliberalen urbanen Governance darstellen. Ich nähere mich der Frage aus einer diskurstheoretischen Perspektive und stelle fest, dass die Stadtpolitik des Regimes starke Kontinuitäten zu neoliberalen Formen der Stadtentwicklung aufweist und einige ihrer Tendenzen radikalisiert. Der deutlichste Unterschied ist die starke Zentralisierung der Macht über die Stadtentwicklung in den Händen der nationalen Regierung, was gerade dadurch legitimiert wird, dass es einen Bruch mit der Politik des Vorgängerregimes und der neoliberalen Stadtpolitik in den westeuropäischen Kernländern darstellt.
Staat statt Stadt Lilla Kammermann; Sebastian Johann Rudolf Martini; Enikő Charlotte Zöller
Suburban,
11/2023, Letnik:
11, Številka:
3/4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Die „Investitionen von herausgehobener volkswirtschaftlicher Bedeutung“ haben einen großen Einfluss auf die ungarische Stadtplanung. Als planungsbeschleunigendes Instrument können diese von der ...nationalen Regierung Ungarns eingesetzt werden, um Fristen für Genehmigungen zu verkürzen und rechtliche Vorgaben zu umgehen. Seit geraumer Zeit wird dieses Instrument zudem eingesetzt, um in oppositionell regierten Kommunen – wie der Hauptstadt Budapest – eine Stadtentwicklung durchzusetzen, die mit den Zielen der nationalen Regierung übereinstimmt. Dabei kann sehr weitreichend die kommunale Bauleitplanung auf entsprechend ausgewiesenen Flächen außer Kraft gesetzt werden, auch ohne Einvernehmen mit den betroffenen Kommunen. Dieses Vorgehen ist im Kontext des kontinuierlichen Rückbaus der Demokratie in Ungarn durch die Orbán-Regierungen zu betrachten, welcher auch geordnete demokratische Planungsverfahren unterminiert. Am Beispiel des Budapester Südens wird deutlich, wie die Eingriffe der Regierung in die kommunale Planungshoheit Budapests regierungsnahen Investor_innen entgegenkommen, während Belange unberücksichtigt bleiben, die für eine sozialverträgliche, ökologisch sowie denkmalpflegerisch ausgewogene Stadtentwicklungspolitik unerlässlich sind.
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, is a situation specified by persistent regional pain. The aberrant functioning of the neurological ...system is believed to be the root cause of an exaggerated reactivity to pain signals that are unable to switch off the sensation of pain. It is characterized by such symptoms as swelling, alterations in the color of the skin and tissues, along with edema. Although it most commonly affects the limbs, such as the arm, leg, hand, or foot, these symptoms can manifest themselves in any part of the body. The existence or nonexistence of nerve injury is used to classify patients into one of two subgroups, I or II, when referring to this illness. Since many medical professionals are unfamiliar with the diagnosis of CRPS and its etiology is not fully elucidated, the condition is frequently incorrectly diagnosed. The treatments available for CRPS focus on alleviating symptoms, regaining organ function, and cosseting a person's quality of life, despite the fact that no cure for the condition has been identified.
The article is written by a Russian-Hungarian team. The first part deals with the French experience of organizing workers' colonies (1851-1900s); the second part, with the first and the best example ...of the Hungarian garden city of Vecerlelep (a suburb of Budapest, 1908-1930s). This location is little known to the domestic reader; however, in the 1920s, Vekerlelep was considered as a world-class model for the implementation of the garden-city concept. The final part addresses the problem of the interpretation of the garden-city concept by domestic researchers and takes a look at Russian workers' settlements.
Becoming My Mother's Daughter: A Story of Survival and Renewal tells the story of three generations of a Jewish Hungarian family whose fate has been inextricably bound up with the turbulent history ...of Europe, from the First World War through the Holocaust and the communist takeover after World War II, to the family's dramatic escape and emmigration to Canada. The emotional centre and narrative voice of the story belong to Eva, an artist, dreamer, and writer trying to work through her complex and deep relationship with her mother, whose portrait she cannot paint until she completes her journey through memory. The core of the book is Eva's riveting recollection of the last months of World War II in Budapest, seen through a child's eyes, and is reminiscent in its power of scenes in Joy Kogawa's Obasan. Exploring the bond between generations of mothers and daughters, the book illustrates the struggle between the need for independence and the search for continuity, the significant impact of childhood on adult life, the reshaping of personality in immigration, the importance of dreams in making us face reality, and the redemptive power of memory. Illustrations by the author throughout the book, some in colour, enhance the story.
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