Globally, accelerating urbanization has led to a severe shortage of urban green spaces. This scarcity is particularly acute in inner cities with high population densities and ratios of built-up ...areas. To explore park visitors’ usage and perceptions, we present the results of a survey of 681 individuals from different socioeconomic groups conducted in four small urban parks in Budapest, Hungary’s capital. The survey results found that people living near the block parks were their primary users, but many people from distant areas also visited the parks due to their good accessibility. In addition, findings show that the green components of the parks were generally more satisfactory to users than other amenities, indicating higher quality expectations for cultural ecosystem services in small urban green spaces. However, perceptions of park safety varied across socioeconomic groups, suggesting that views of safety did not necessarily reflect actual park security. Finally, while most respondents stated they would not want to contribute to park maintenance, young people, particularly neighborhood newcomers, showed greater willingness to volunteer for such work.
•Inner-city small urban parks attract many people living at a greater distance from the parks.•Visitors tend to consider small urban parks an important scene for social interactions.•People’s perception of parks’ safety is in relation with their socioeconomic circumstances.•Young people can probably more easily be motivated to participate in park maintenance.
SUMMARY
Muography is an imaging tool based on the attenuation of cosmic muons for observing density anomalies associated with large objects, such as underground caves or fractured zones. Tomography ...based on muography measurements, that is, 3-D reconstruction of density distribution from 2-D muon flux maps, brings along special challenges. The detector field of view covering must be as balanced as possible, considering the muon flux drop at high zenith angles and the detector placement possibilities. The inversion from directional muon fluxes to a 3-D density map is usually underdetermined (more voxels than measurements). Therefore, the solution of the inversion can be unstable due to partial coverage. The instability can be solved by geologically relevant Bayesian constraints. However, the Bayesian principle results in parameter bias and artefacts. In this work, linearized (density-length based) inversion is applied by formulating the constraints associated with inversion to ensure the stability of parameter fitting. After testing the procedure on synthetic examples, an actual high-quality muography measurement data set from seven positions is used as input for the inversion. The resulting tomographic imaging provides details on the complicated internal structures of karstic fracture zone. The existence of low density zones in the imaged space was verified by samples from core drills, which consist of altered dolomite powder within the intact high density dolomite.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the phenomenon of overtourism with specific reference to the night-time economy (NTE) in Budapest, Hungary.Design/methodology/approachThe research took ...place between September and December 2017 in the so-called “party quarter” of Budapest – District VII. The chosen methods included mapping, observation, interviews and questionnaires with local residents, visitors and tourists.FindingsPartying opportunities are valued highly by tourists and the majority of customers in the bars are tourists. Many people feel that there are too many tourists in the area, although few had a bad experience with tourists. The most common complaints were the dirt and litter, public urination, street crime and noise. Most respondents would welcome a better cleaning service, more bins, more police, more public toilets and better street lighting.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was not undertaken in the high season, older residents were slightly under-represented and wider research across the whole city would give a more balanced perspective.Practical implicationsRecommendations are made for managing the NTE better in order to improve the experience of tourists and visitors and to improve the local resident quality of life.Social implicationsIt is hoped that this research may prompt local authorities to take local resident perceptions and experiences into account by creating better management measures and regulations.Originality/valueThis is the first paper to provide data from the perspective of three main stakeholder groups in the context of the NTE in Budapest.
The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime,11CoE, Convention on Cybercrime - ETS No. 185 (2001). referred to as the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, has been diffused globally, and is serving ...as a benchmark or a ‘model law’ for drafting national cybercrime legislation in many countries worldwide. This paper argues that, through the mechanism of ‘state socialization’ combined with incentives, e.g. assistance in building law enforcement capacity, the diffusion of the Budapest Convention has had a profound influence on the development of cybercrime legislation in a number of Pacific Island Countries (PICs).22This paper will focus on examining the cybercrime legislation of ten developing South Pacific countries: Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.3Michael Minges and Christoph Stork, 'Economic and Social Impact of ICT in the Pacific' (Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility, 2015) <https://www.theprif.org/documents/regional/information-communication-technology-ict/economic-and-social-impact-ict-pacific-0> accessed 19 June 2020. Some PICs have expressed their great interest in acceding to the Convention and ‘imported’ several provisions from the Convention. This article, nevertheless, contends that these PICs do not seem to consider carefully whether the ‘imported’ law is applicable to their existing law enforcement capacity. It is evident that various domestic factors, such as lack of resources, have deterred the enforcement of cybercrime laws in these countries. As the result, although those PICs would have adequate cybercrime laws ‘on the books’, ‘law in action’ is still feeble.
Hungary's capital, Budapest is divided into 23 districts, which have significantly distinct topography: thus, having different level of vulnerability to certain climatic effects; in addition, their ...climate adaptation potential also varies. This study aimed to analyze the 23 districts of Budapest, Hungary, in terms of their climate adaptation consciousness from governmental perspective. The study compares the 23 districts through a scoring matrix with three main categories – attitude, planning, and implementation – and several criteria. In addition, interviews were organized with municipal employees with 43 questions following the structure of the scoring matrix, learning more about the districts' commitment to climate adaptation.
Aim
To describe the clinical outcomes for a group of complex regional pain syndrome patients using infrared thermography as an intraprocedural support tool when undertaking fluoroscopy‐guided lumbar ...sympathetic blocks.
Subjects
27 patients with lower limb complex regional pain syndrome accompanied by severe pain and persistent functional impairment.
Methods
A series of three fluoroscopic‐guided lumbar sympathetic blocks with local anesthetic and corticoids using infrared thermography as an intraprocedural support tool were performed. Clinical variables were collected at baseline, prior to each block, and one, three, and six months after blocks in a standardized checklist assessing each of the clinical categories of complex regional pain syndrome stipulated in the Budapest criteria.
Results
23.75% of the blocks required more than one chance to achieve the desired thermal pattern and therefore to be considered as successful. A decrease in pain measured on a visual analogic scale was observed at all time points compared to pre‐blockade data, but only 37% of the cases were categorized as responders, representing a ≥ 30% decrease in VAS, with the disappearance of pain at rest. An improvement of most of the clinical variables recorded was observed, such as tingling, edema, perception of thermal asymmetry, difference in coloring and sweating. There was a significant decrease of neuropathic pain and improvement of functional limitation. Logistic regression analysis showed the main variable to explain the probability of being a responder was immobilization time (odds ratio of 0.89).
Conclusion
A series of fluoroscopy‐guided lumbar sympathetic blocks controlled by infrared thermography in the treatment of lower limb CRPS showed a responder rate of 37%.
U radu autori s aspekta povijesti institucija obrađuju ustroj i djelovanje Dioničarskog društva sjedinjenih podravsko-posavskih vicinalnih željeznica u vremenskom periodu od godine 1906., kada je ...društvo osnovano fuzijom Dioničarskog društva mjesne željeznice Vinkovci-Županja-Savska obala i Dioničarskog društva mjesne željeznice Osijek-Đakovo-Vrpolje, pa sve do godine 1940., kada je završena njegova likvidacija. Sjedište društva u Austro-Ugarskoj Monarhiji, kao i kod većine vicinalnih željeznica, bilo je u Budimpešti. U Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca društvo je prvotno premjestilo svoje sjedište u Zagreb, a potom u Beograd. Poslove dioničarskog društva obavljali su: glavna skupština dioničara, ravnateljstvo i nadzorni odbor. Pruge društva bile su u državnoj eksploataciji, odnosno upravi. Društvo je u Austro-Ugarskoj Monarhiji poslovalo s financijskim dobitkom te je predstavljalo jednu od rentabilnijih privatnih vicinalnih željeznica na prostoru Kraljevina Hrvatske i Slavonije.
In the paper the authors outline from the aspect of the history of institutions the structure and the activity of the United Podravina-Posavina Vicinal Railway Ltd from its establishment in 1906 with the fusion of the Local Vinkovci-Županja-Sava Coastline Railway Ltd and the Osijek-Đakovo-Vrpolje Vicinal Railway Ltd, to 1940 when it was officially liquidated. The ownership of its railway tracks was taken over by its legal successor, the United Podravina-Posavina Vicinal Railway Ltd. From the former it took over the Vinkovci-Županja-Sava Coastline railway line (put in service on 30 September 1901) and from the latter the Osijek-Đakovo-Vrpolje railway line (put in service on 11 September 1905), as well as its supplementary part – the Osijek-Drava Coastline freight gauge (put in service on 15 May 1907). The newly established company built just a single railway line i.e. Osijek-Vinkovci (put in service on 24 November 1910). The company’s headquarters during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was, like for the majority of vicinal railways, in Budapest. The stock company’s tasks were performed by: the stockholders’ general assembly, headquarters and the inspecting committee. The company’s railway lines were exploited i.e. administrated by the state. At first they were under the jurisdiction of the Traffic Administration of the Royal Hungarian State Railways in Szeged, whereas from 1915 to 1918 they came under the jurisdiction of the newly established Traffic Administration in Pecs. During the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy the company gained profit and that fact made it one the more profitable privately owned vicinal railways in the territory of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. In the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes the company first transferred is headquarters to Zagreb and later on to Belgrade. From 1918 the company’s railway lines were exploited by the Directorate of the State Railways in Zagreb. In 1923 the Osijek-Strizivojna Vrpolje, the Osijek-Vinkovci and the Vinkovci-Županja-Sava Coastline railway lines came under the jurisdiction of the Directorate of the State Railways in Subotica, while the Osijek-Drava Coastline railway line remained under the administration of the Directorate of the State Railways in Zagreb. In 1928 the Osijek-Strizivojna Vrpolje railway line was returned to the Directorate of the State Railways in Zagreb. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia started to repurchase the privately owned vicinal railways which after long negotiations resulted in the concluded treaty on the repurchase with the group of 24 Hungarian vicinal railway Ltd companies that comprised the ‘Railway Line’ concern with the headquarters in Zagreb. The repurchased railway lines of the former Hungarian stock companies also included the ones belonging to the United Podravina-Posavina Vicinal Railway Ltd. The company was liquidated, since the repurchase meant the reason for its existence ceased to exist.
uma série de outros crimes transcendem ás fronteiras nacionais, os responsáveis pela luta contra esta delinquência devem encontrar meios eficazes para obter provas necessárias que naturalmente, ...encontraram-se frequentemente além de suas fronteiras. Há quase quinze anos, foi implementado um instrumento que facilita esse acesso. A Convenção sobre Cibercrime, também conhecida como Convenção de Budapeste sobre Cibercrime ou Convenção de Budapeste, é o primeiro tratado internacional que intenta abordar os crimes informáticos e os crimes em internet , incluindo a pornografia infantil, harmonizando certas leis nacionais, melhorando as técnicas de investigação e acrescentando a cooperação entre as nações e a adequada proteção adequada dos direitos humanos e as liberdades em conformidade com a Convenção Europeia para a Proteção de os Direitos Humanos e ás Liberdades Fundamentais. A realidade de 2017 é a presença de novos elementos, especialmente em relação a coleta de dados mais pessoais no ciberespaço, apresenta novos desafios e requer novas ideias. A Convenção permite essa ampliação através de reflexões, novas diretrizes e protocolos. É aberto a todos e é o único instrumento deste tipo. Não está completo, mas deixa espaço para a adoção de futuros protocolos e, acima de tudo, permite que os grupos de trabalho, entre os regionais que trabalham no âmbito do cibercrime ou assistência judicial reciproca, desenvolvendo novas formas de fortalecer a luta contra crime, respeitando ao mesmo tempo os direitos humanos.
En la medida en que el tráfico de estupefacientes, el fraude, el blanqueo de dinero y toda una gama de otros delitos trascienden las fronteras nacionales, los responsables de luchar contra esta delincuencia deben encontrar medios eficaces para obtener las pruebas necesarias que, naturalmente, se encontrarán a menudo más allá de sus propias fronteras. Hace ya casi quince años se implementó un instrumento que facilita ese acceso. El Convenio sobre la Ciberdelincuencia, conocido también como Convenio de Budapest sobre la Ciberdelincuencia o Convenio de Budapest, es el primer tratado internacional que intenta abordar los delitos informáticos y los delitos en Internet, incluida la pornografía infantil, armonizando ciertas leyes nacionales, mejorando las técnicas de investigación y aumentando la cooperación entre las naciones y la adecuada protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades en cumplimiento del Convenio Europeo para la Protección de los Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales. La realidad de 2017 es que la presencia de nuevos elementos, especialmente relativos a la recopilación de datos más personales en el ciberespacio, plantea nuevos desafíos y requiere nuevas ideas. El Convenio permite esta ampliación mediante reflexiones, directrices nuevas y protocolos. Está abierto a todos y es el único instrumento de este tipo. No está completo, sino que deja lugar a la adopción de protocolos futuros y, sobre todo, permite a los grupos de trabajo, entre los regionales que trabajan en el campo de la ciberdelincuencia o la asistencia judicial recíproca, desarrollar nuevas maneras de fortalecer la lucha contra la delincuencia, respetando al mismo tiempo los derechos humanos.
A growing body of literature demonstrates that the accessibility of urban green spaces may differ across ethnic, minority, racial, and socioeconomic groups. In post-socialist Central and Eastern ...European (CEE) countries, income has become the most critical factor influencing where people may reside in a city, as well as to the extent to which they can access city services. This paper investigates socioeconomic disparities in access to green areas in Budapest, Hungary, taking multiple types of green areas into account, such as urban green spaces (e.g., urban parks and gardens), urban forests, and residential greenery (e.g., private gardens and street trees). People's incomes were considered a proxy measure for socioeconomic status, and the spatial distribution of green areas were analyzed with geographic information system (GIS) tools. The results show that the advantage of wealthier people in terms of urban green space provision is not so pronounced, which is the outcome of a multi-layered historical urban development. However, considering the accessibility of urban forests and residential greenery, high-income people are in a more favorable position than those from other socioeconomic groups. In addition, geography seems to be a crucial constraint for high- and upper-middle income inner-city residents to access urban forests and residential greenery, indicating that factors outside of socioeconomic status influence access to green areas. Future planning policies should attempt to alleviate inequalities in green area provision; however, some inherited and recent issues may jeopardize municipalities' ability to achieve this goal.
•This paper investigates socioeconomic disparities in access to green areas in Budapest.•We demonstrated that wealthy people are somewhat privileged in terms of access to green areas.•We found that previous planning regimes have impacted the current spatial patterns of green areas.•Three risk factors were detected that can jeopardize the improvement of urban green space provision.
Without security guarantees, Ukraine will not have a free and secure future. Despite the urgency of the issue, however, no clarity has so far arisen on the nature of security guarantees that might ...apply, their institutional context or their timeline. Giving Ukraine such guarantees sooner rather than later would send a message to Moscow that the West was in the war for the long haul, and that continuing a losing war was futile. Accordingly, guarantees should be shaped in parallel with Ukraine's counter-offensive. The best option appears to be a security pact for Ukraine outside the NATO institutional context. While such a pact would not necessarily contemplate NATO membership, it would extend practically comparable assurances to Kyiv through a formalised support structure without leaving it vulnerable in the short term.
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