This book describes the process of the Czech economic transformation from the beginning of the 1990s to the country’s entry into the European Union in 2004. This transformation is divided into four ...periods: an initial recession caused by the transformation; economic growth in the mid-1990s; a recession connected to the currency crisis of 1997; and recovery and growth from 1999 until 2004, when the analysis ends. The examination covers the main aspects of the transformation – an overall view of the process, political transition, economic policy, economic results (GDP development, inflation, unemployment), changes in outside indicators (balance of payments), privatization, transformation of the financial sector, and changes in the business sector and institutional development. The book also compares Czech development in this transformative era to those of Poland and Hungary. As in Hungary and Poland, the Czech Republic underwent an exceptional qualitative shift from a system centrally planned to one that was market-based. The book concludes that despite mistakes and hardships, the overall transformation process in Central Europe has been successful.
Although many firms label themselves 'global', very few can back this up with truly global sales and operations. In The Regional Multinationals Alan Rugman examines first-hand data from ...multinationals and finds that most multinationals are strongly regional, with international operations in their home regions of North America, the US or Asia. Only a tiny proportion of the world's top 500 companies actually sell the same product and deliver the same services around the world. Rugman exposes the facts behind the popular myths of doing business globally, explores a variety of regional models and offers an authoritative agenda for future business strategy. The Regional Multinationals is the essential resource for all academics and students in International Business, Organization and Strategic Management, as well as those with an interest in finding out how multinationals really work in practice and how future strategy must respond.
In diesem Open-Access-Buch wird ein Rahmenwerk entwickelt, das simulationsbezogene Untersuchungen von Effetcuation ermöglicht und gleichzeitig die Grundlage für die Entwicklung von ...gründungsunterstützenden Entscheidungssystemen schafft. Es wird diskutiert, inwieweit effektuatives Lernen modelliert und algorithmisch interpretiert werden kann. Auf Basis der Vorstellung und kritischen Evaluierung aktueller Simulationsmodelle, die Effectuation abbilden, wird mit Hilfe von Methoden agentenbasierter Modellierung und des Reinforcement Learnings ein aggregiertes Modell entwickelt, das effektuatives Verhalten im Rahmen einer prototypischen Gründungssituation ermöglicht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein entrepreneurialer Agent in der Lage ist, effektuatives Verhalten zu erlernen. Leistungsunterschiede während des Lernens ergeben sich bei Veränderung seiner Umgebung. Der Erfolg des Agenten ist abhängig von der Verbindlichkeit potentieller Partner und Kunden. Weiterhin lässt sich ein Lernerfolg feststellen, wenn der Agent das Affordable-Loss-Prinzip in Verbindung mit marktkonformem Verhalten anwendet. Mit dem entwickelten Modell können künftig, unter Einbeziehung des Entscheidungsverhaltens eines realen Entrepreneurs, weitere Untersuchungen zum effektuativen Lernverhalten durchgeführt werden.
International business involves complex, ethically challenging, and sometimes threatening dilemmas that can involve political and personal agendas. As a result, it can often be difficult to discern ...corruption against what may be a different set of cultural norms. In this book, Sharon Eicher examines corruption as it pertains to the business sector and the campaigns in emerging markets to curb corruption in both public and private sectors.
This title, first published in 1986, analyses the idea that the issue of informing and consulting with workers in multinational enterprises should best be examined within the context of the general ...economic and social evolution of the member countries and in relation to the national and international instruments and practices in place.
What makes a country attractive to foreign investors? To what extent do conditions of governance and politics matter? This book provides the most systematic exploration to date of these crucial ...questions at the nexus of politics and economics. Using quantitative data and interviews with investment promotion agencies, investment location consultants, political risk insurers, and decision makers at multinational corporations, Nathan Jensen arrives at a surprising conclusion: Countries may be competing for international capital, but government fiscal policy--both taxation and spending--has little impact on multinationals' investment decisions.
Although government policy has a limited ability to determine patterns of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, political institutions are central to explaining why some countries are more successful in attracting international capital. First, democratic institutions lower political risks for multinational corporations. Indeed, they lead to massive amounts of foreign direct investment. Second, politically federal institutions, in contrast to fiscally federal institutions, lower political risks for multinationals and allow host countries to attract higher levels of FDI inflows. Third, the International Monetary Fund, often cited as a catalyst for promoting foreign investment, actually deters multinationals from investment in countries under IMF programs. Even after controlling for the factors that lead countries to seek IMF support, IMF agreements are associated with much lower levels of FDI inflows.
Multinationals from Brazil, Russia, India and China, known as the BRIC countries, are a new and powerful force in global competition and are challenging the incumbency of much older global companies ...from the developed world. Emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) now account for a quarter of foreign investment in the world, are a prolific source of innovation and make almost one in three cross-border acquisitions globally. Despite this, traditional theories of international business do not provide a satisfactory explanation of their behaviour or performance. The authors of this book shine new light on the rise of the EMNEs and how they have built a competitive advantage through innovation, novel configurations of their international value chains and the acquisition of companies overseas. Any manager, policy maker or researcher who wishes to understand the emergence of this new breed of multinational will find this book an invaluable resource.
It is increasingly understood that entrepreneurship plays a critical role in economic growth and well-being. But which policies can governments develop to release its benefits? This publication ...offers guidance and inspiration. It identifies the range of entrepreneurship policies being pursued internationally, the problems the policies seek to solve and how they are designed and implemented. The focus is on how to create a broad base of start-ups with the potential for sustainability and growth by building a pipeline of new entrepreneurs, supporting start-ups to overcome barriers in areas such as skills, finance and innovation and stimulating vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystems. The publication examines the rationale for entrepreneurship policy, presents a typology of policy approaches and highlights principles for policy success. The points are illustrated by 16 case studies of inspiring practice policies from 12 OECD countries. These cases span policies for regulations and taxation, entrepreneurship education and training, advice and coaching, access to finance, internationalisation, innovation, and holistic packages for ecosystem building. Helpful summary tables guide readers to the information that will respond to their questions. The publication will give readers an overview of key entrepreneurship policy interventions and tips on entrepreneurship policy success.
Dans une économie mondiale où les entreprises multinationales (EMN) jouent un rôle prépondérant, les gouvernements doivent s'assurer que les profits imposables des EMN ne sont pas transférés ...artificiellement hors de leur juridiction et que l'assiette fiscale déclarée par les EMN dans leur pays reflète l'activité économique qui y est menée. Pour les contribuables, il est essentiel de limiter les risques de double imposition économique.
This study of innovation - its intensity, the sources used for knowledge creation, and its impacts - is based on a comprehensive survey of innovation of Canadian manufacturing firms. Attention is ...paid to the different actors in the system, who both compete with and complement one another. The study investigates how innovation regimes differ across size of firm and across industries. Owing to the high degree of foreign investment in Canada, special attention is paid to the performance of foreign-owned firms. The innovation regime of Canadian innovators is compared with results of studies of other industrialized countries. The picture of a typical innovator is a firm that combines internal resources and external contacts to develop a set of complementary strategies. The study finds that innovating firms depend not only on R&D, but also on ideas and technology from various other sources, both internal and external to the firm.
