Reined into the service of the Cold War confrontation, antifascist ideology overshadowed the narrative about the Holocaust in the communist states of Eastern Europe. This led to the Western notion ...that in the Soviet Bloc there was a systematic suppression of the memory of the mass murder of European Jews. Going beyond disputing the mistaken opposition between “communist falsification” of history and the “repressed authentic” interpretation of the Jewish catastrophe, this work presents and analyzes the ways as the Holocaust was conceptualized in the Soviet-ruled parts of Europe. The authors provide various interpretations of the relationship between antifascism and Holocaust memory in the communist countries, arguing that the predominance of an antifascist agenda and the acknowledgment of the Jewish catastrophe were far from mutually exclusive. The interactions included acts of negotiation, cross-referencing, and borrowing. Detailed case studies describe how both individuals and institutions were able to use anti-fascism as a framework to test and widen the boundaries for discussion of the Nazi genocide. The studies build on the new historiography of communism, focusing on everyday life and individual agency, revealing the formation of a great variety of concrete, local memory practices.
Future 5G networks will likely include mmWave radio access communication links, because of their potential multi-gigabit-per-second capacity. However, these frequencies are characterized by very ...dynamic channel conditions which lead to wide fluctuations in the received signal quality. This article explains how the end-to-end user experience in mobile mmWave networks could be affected by a sub-optimal interaction between the most widely used transport protocol, TCP, and mmWave links. It also provides insights on the throughput-latency trade-off when Multipath TCP (MP-TCP) is used judiciously across various links (e.g., LTE and mmWave).
The history of Nazi indoctrination in Austria’s skiing does not begin in March 1938. Even before that, a turn to National Socialism can be traced. Andreas Praher investigates power structures and ...scope for action in skiing before and during the Nazi era as well as in post-war Austria.
Die Geschichte der NS-Indoktrination im Skisport Österreichs beginnt nicht erst mit März 1938. Schon davor kann eine Hinwendung zum Nationalsozialismus nachgezeichnet werden. Andreas Praher beleuchtet Machtstrukturen und Handlungsspielräume im Skisport vor und während der NS-Zeit sowie im Nachkriegsösterreich.
•The rs17429833*GC seems to be risk factor for FCC in Brazilian patients.•Combined genotypes for SNVs rs17429833 (GC) and rs72466472 (CC) seem to be risk factors for FCC in Brazilian patients.•The ...rs17429833*GC presented association with well differentiated adenocarcinoma when compared to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma.
The Claudin-1 (CLDN1) protein plays an important role in the function of the tight junction and studies have shown it is aberrantly downregulated in many tumors including colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between four SNVs in the CLDN1 gene c.-13G → C (rs17429833), c.108C → T (rs72466472), c.369T → C (rs9869263), and c.370G → A (rs140846629) and the risk of familial colorectal cancer (FCC).
A case-control study was conducted with peripheral blood DNAs from 50 patients with CRC that belong to FCC families and 96 healthy control individuals. The analysis of genetic variants was performed by PCR and restriction enzymatic digestion.
The patients and control groups presented in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all evaluated SNVs. No significant differences occurred in wild-type homozygous, heterozygous and variant homozygous genotypes, separately or together, in patient and control groups for the SNVs rs72466472, rs9869263, and rs140846629. However, for the SNV rs17429833, increased frequency of GC genotype occurred in patients compared to healthy individuals (58.30% vs. 41.70%), with an OR = 3.28 (95%CI = 1.22 to 9.09) for CRC. In the patients’ group, individuals harboring combined genotypes rs17429833 (GC) and rs72466472 (CC) (26% vs. 8.42%) showed an OR = 3.78 (95%CI = 1.33 to 11.48). Moreover, patients harboring GC genotype for SNV rs17429833 presented significantly association with well differentiated adenocarcinoma when compared to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma 60% vs. 22.58%, OR = 6.3 (95%CI = 1.15 to 39.76).
The GC genotype for the SNV rs17429833 or combined genotypes for SNVs rs17429833 (GC) and rs72466472 (CC) seems to be risk factors for patients with FCC in Brazilian patients; however, a larger number of patients needs to be evaluated to confirm our results.
Background. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common route of pediatric HCV infection. Approximately 5% of children born to HCV-infected mothers develop chronic infection. ...Recommendations employ risk-based HCV testing of pregnant women, and screening children at a young age. This study assesses testing rates of children born to mothers tested HCV-positive in a major US city with a high burden of HCV infection. Methods. HCV surveillance data reported to the Philadelphia Department of Public Health are housed in the Hepatitis Registry. Additional tests, including negative results, were retrospectively collected. HCV data were matched with 2011–2013 birth certificates of children aged ≥20 months to identify mothers tested HCV-positive and screened children. The observed perinatal HCV seropositivity rate was compared to the expected rate (5%). Results. A total of 8119 females aged 12–54 years tested HCV-positive and in the Hepatitis Registry. Of these, 500 (5%) had delivered ≥1 child, accounting for 537 (1%) of the 55 623 children born in Philadelphia during the study period. Eighty-four (16%) of these children had HCV testing; 4 (1% of the total) were confirmed cases. Twenty-three additional children are expected to have chronic HCV infection, but were not identified by 20 months of age. Conclusions. These findings illustrate that a significant number of women giving birth in Philadelphia test positive for HCV and that most of their at-risk children remain untested. To successfully identify all HCV-infected children and integrate them into HCV-specific care, practices for HCV screening of pregnant women and their children should be improved.
The volume reconstructs the role of the "art objects" in the renewal of identity (social, political and cultural) of the Mannelli family, among the oldest families of the Florentine patriciate. ...During the 17th Century the main exponents adopted a lifestyle inspired by the Medici court, gradually dismantling, but at different times, the dress of the merchant. The analysis of the main town and countryside residences and of the displaying of the objects of art, conducted on a documentary basis and with the “display of art” critical tools, returns the fundamental stages of the renewal process and, together with numerous autonomous episodes of unpublished patronage and collecting, the emergence of common narrative strategies of historical and political identity through art objects.
Nickel catalysis for biaryl coupling reactions has received significant attention as a less expensive and less toxic alternative to “standard” palladium catalysis. Here we describe recent ...developments in nickel‐catalyzed biaryl coupling methodology, along with mechanistic studies and applications. In particular we focus on nickel‐catalyzed coupling reactions in which “unreactive” bonds such as C–H, C–O, and C–C bonds are converted into biaryl moieties.
Biaryl coupling through nickel catalysis has been known for a few decades. The topic has recently resurfaced in synthetic chemistry, however, thanks to its use of ideal coupling partners such as simple arenes (Ar–H) and phenol derivatives (Ar–OR). In this microreview, recent achievements in nickel‐catalyzed biaryl coupling are summarized.
Background. Treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to sustained virological response (SVR) in over 90% of people. Subsequent recurrence of HCV, either from late relapse or reinfection, ...reverses the beneficial effects of SVR. Methods. A search identified studies analysing HCV recurrence post-SVR. The recurrence rate for each study was calculated using events/person years of follow-up (PYFU). Results were pooled using a random-effects model and used to calculate 5-year recurrence risk. Three patient groups were analysed: (1) Mono-HCV infected "low-risk" patients; (2) Mono-HCV infected "high-risk" patients (injecting drug users or prisoners); (3) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV coinfected patients. Recurrence was defined as confirmed HCV RNA detectability post-SVR. Results. In the 43 studies of HCV mono-infected "low-risk" patients (n = 7969) the pooled recurrence rate was 1.85/1000 PYFU (95% confidence interval CI, .71–3.35; I2 = 73%) leading to a summary 5-year recurrence risk of 0.95% (95% CI, .35%–1.69%). For the 14 studies of HCV monoinfected "high-risk" patients (n = 771) the pooled recurrence rate was 22.32/1000 PYFU (95% CI, 13.07–33.46; I2 = 27%) leading to a summary 5-year risk of 10.67% (95% CI, 6.38%–15.66%). For the 4 studies of HIV/HCV coinfected patients the pooled recurrence rate was 32.02/1000 PYFU (95% CI, .00–123.49; I2 – 96%) leading to a summary 5-year risk of 15.02% (95% CI, .00%–48.26%). The higher pooled estimates of recurrence in the high-risk and coinfected cohorts were driven by an increase in reinfection rather than late relapse. Conclusions. SVR appears durable in the majority of patients at 5 years post-treatment. The large difference in 5 year event rate by risk group is driven mainly by an increased reinfection risk.
Introduction: A lack of access to hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnostics is a significant barrier to achieving the World Health Organization 2030 global elimination goal. HCV core antigen (HCVcAg) ...quantification and dried blood spot (DBS) are appealing alternatives to conventional HCV serology and nucleic acid testing (NAT) for resource‐constraint settings, particularly in difficult‐to‐reach populations. We assessed the accuracy of serum and DBS HCVcAg testing in people who inject drugs in Tanzania using HCV NAT as a reference.
Method: Between May and July 2015, consecutive HCV‐seropositive patients enrolled in the local opioid substitution treatment centre were invited to participate in the study. All had HCV RNA detection (Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA, USA), genotyping (NS5B gene phylogenetic analysis) and HCVcAg on blood samples and DBS (Architect assay; Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, IL, USA).
Results: Out of 153 HCV‐seropositive individuals, 65 (42.5%) and 15 (9.8%) were co‐infected with HIV (41 (63%) were on anti‐retroviral therapy (ARVs)) and hepatitis B respectively. In total, 116 were viraemic, median viral load of 5.7 (Interquartile range (IQR); 4.0–6.3) log iU/ml (75 (68.2%) were genotype 1a, 35 (31.8%) genotype 4a). The median alanine transaminase (ALT) (iU/l), aspartate transaminase (AST) (iU/l) and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) (iU/l) were 35 (IQR; 23–51), 46 (32–57) and 69 (35–151) respectively. For the quantification of HCV RNA, serum HCVcAg had a sensitivity at 99.1% and a specificity at 94.1%, with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) at 0.99 (95% CI 0.98–1.00). DBS HCVcAg had a sensitivity of 76.1% and a specificity of 97.3%, with an AUROC of 0.87 (95% CI 0.83–0.92). HCVcAg performance did not differ by HIV co‐infection or HCV genotype.
Conclusions: Our study suggests that HCVcAg testing in serum is an excellent alternative to HCV polymerase chain reaction in Africa. Although HCVcAg detection and quantification in DBS has a reduced sensitivity, its specificity and accuracy are good and it could therefore be used for scaling up HCV testing and care in resource‐limited African settings.
Desire and Disunity explores the struggles of Christianising late ancient sexuality in the late Roman West. Through an examination of fourth to sixth century sermons, letters, laws, and treatises in ...Latin-speaking communities, the difficulties of late antique clerics in moving ascetically influenced sexual ideals into wider practice become evident. Western clerics faced challenges on several fronts: the dedication and devoutness of lay Christians varied, while the military-political upheavals of the fifth century created new challenges and opportunities for influencing one’s flock. Furthermore, Roman sexual norms continued to inform the thinking of many clerics and lay figures alike, even when in opposition to more scripturally based moral reasoning. Problems of bigamy, concubinage, sex work, incest, homosexual acts, adultery, and more troubled western Christian communities, with contradicting rules and traditions on what was acceptable and what was not. What reach did elite clerical perspectives on sexual norms have amongst the non-elite? How did clerics navigate tensions between the idealisation of Christian communal purity and the actions of congregants that fell short of these ideals? What influenced clerical perceptions of sex and how did they articulate these ideas to their audiences? Clerical sources of this time reflect these challenges as well as varying church attempts to reform the sex lives of their congregants – and, indeed, church failure in doing so.
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