Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effects of treatment with Indigo Carmine (IC) on rat livers subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods The animals were subdivided into 4 groups: 1.SHAM ...group(SH) - saline; 2.SHAM group with IC-2mg/Kg(SHIC); 3.IR group - rats submitted to ischemia and reperfusion with saline(IR); 4.IR group with IC-2mg/Kg(IRIC). The IR protocol consists of liver exposure and administration of drug or saline intravenously, followed by 60 minutes of ischemia and 15 of reperfusion. Liver samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Results State 3 of mitochondrial respiration showed a significant worsening of the IRIC group in relation to all others. State 4 showed a difference between IRIC and SHIC. The Respiratory Control Ratio showed statistical decrease in IR and IRIC versus Sham. The osmotic swelling showed significant difference between SHxIR; SHICxIRIC and SHxIRIC. There was a significant increase in ALT in the IRIC group in relation to all the others. Concerning the nitrate dosage, there was a decrease in the group treated with IC(IRxIRIC). There was no difference regarding the dosage of Malondialdehyde. Conclusion IC was not able to protect mitochondria from IR injury and proved to be a potentiating agent, acting in synergy with the IR injury promoting damage to the hepatocyte membranes.
A novel adsorbent was prepared via the free radical copolymerization of 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and acrylonitrile (AN) using 2,2′-azobisizobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator ...at 65 °C. Poly(DMAEMA-co-AN) was characterized by FT-IR,
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H-NMR, and SEM techniques. Its thermal properties were determined by TGA and DSC. The copolymer was used to remove indigo carmine (IC) from aqueous solutions. The optimum IC removal percentage was determined to be 99.53% with poly(DMAEMA-co-AN) of 0.10 g/100 mL, contact time of 31.37 min, 46.58 mg/L initial concentration of IC using a central composite design in response surface methodology. The high maximum adsorption capacity (196.07 mg/g) proved that poly(DMAEMA-co-AN) can be used as a promising adsorbent for the removal of IC from wastewaters.
The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize the novel polyampholyte nanocomposite hydrogels (NH) and to investigate the efficiency in the removal of the indigo carmine from the aqueous ...solutions. Acrylic acid (AA), 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (2-DEAEMA) and montmorillonite (MMT) were used as ionic monomers and inorganic component, respectively. In the preparation of NH, in-situ free radical addition polymerization technique was used in the aqueous media. The formation of NH was confirmed by FTIR and XRD analyses. All NH are sensitive to pH and they have zwitter ion characteristics at pH 7.21. The diffusion of water into these gel systems is assumed to be a non-Fickian behavior. The indigo carmine adsorption rate of NH is faster than that of hydrogel. The kinetic studies for indigo carmine adsorption onto NH show that the pseudo-first-order adsorption mechanism is predominant. The adsorption isotherm data indicate that the BET model is the best fit model. It was concluded that the NH synthesized in this study being an adsorbent with the best mechanical properties might be suitable alternative for the removal of indigo carmine from textile aqueous effluents.
► A novel nano-composite hydrogel that could be used as an adsorbent. ► An effective removal of an acidic dye, indigo carmine, from textile aqueous effluents. ► Increasing clay amount significantly enhances the mechanical properties of hydrogels.
An analytical method was developed for investigating aminocarminic acid occurrence in E120-labelled red-coloured-beverages and in E120 additives, with the aim of controlling the purity of the carmine ...additive in countries where the use of aminocarminic acid is forbidden. The carminic acid and the aminocarminic acid were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-tandem mass spectrography (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS). The method was statistically validated. The regression lines, ranging from 10 to 100 mg/L, showed r
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> 0.9996. Recoveries from 97% to 101% were obtained for the fortification level of 50 mg/L; the relative standard deviations did not exceed 3%. The LODs were below 2 mg/L, whereas the LOQs did not exceed 4 mg/L. The method was successfully applied to 27 samples of commercial E120-labelled red-coloured beverages and E120 additives, collected in Italy during quality control investigations conducted by the Ministry. The results demonstrated that more than 50% of the samples contained aminocarminic acid, evidencing the alarming illicit use of this semi-synthetic carmine acid derivative.
Mucosal dye spraying (chromoendoscopy CE) has been shown in controlled studies to enhance lesion detection in colitis surveillance. Narrow band imaging (NBI) potentially offers a more convenient mode ...of highlighting mucosal lesions. The primary objectives of this study were to compare CE and NBI in colitis surveillance with respect to lesion detection. A secondary objective was to assess the accuracy of the mucosal pit pattern (Kudo classification) with NBI in predicting mucosal histology.
Patients with colitis of 8 years or greater disease duration underwent screening colonoscopy with NBI, followed immediately by CE by 2 endoscopists blinded to each other's results. All lesions were biopsied to confirm histology. Diagnostic yield of each modality for dysplastic lesions. Accuracy of Kudo classification by NBI for neoplasia.
Forty-four participants were enrolled. One hundred forty-four colonic lesions were identified in total. Overall, CE identified more lesions than NBI (131 versus 102, P < 0.001); however, most were nondysplastic. CE detected 23 neoplastic (dysplastic or indefinite for dysplasia) lesions in 11 patients and NBI 20 lesions in 10 patients, P = 0.180. Kudo assessment by NBI had low sensitivity for dysplasia (42%) and modest accuracy (74%) for dysplasia.
NBI detected fewer lesions than CE in chronic colitis; however, most were not dysplastic. There was a nonsignificant trend in favor of CE for detection of dysplasia. At present, NBI cannot be recommended as an alternative to CE for dysplasia surveillance in colitis.
•Carmine dye-doped PVA polymeric composite films were prepared by solution casting method.•Structural analysis, optical parameters, dielectric properties, and AC electrical conductivity are measured ...and analyzed for carmine dye-doped PVA films.•The bandgap of PVA is reduced from 5.16 eV to 1.65 eV by the addition of carmine dye, and the refractive index increased up to 8.•The optical conductivity of carmine dye/PVA films classified into different stages according to the incident photon energy.•The normalized power decreased with increasing the carmine contents in PVA, and hence, these films are suitable CUT-OFF laser filters.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/carmine dye polymeric composite films are prepared by a solution casting method. Pure PVA, 0.11 wt% carmine dye/PVA, 0.55 wt% carmine dye/PVA, 1.11 wt% carmine dye/PVA, 5.5 wt% carmine dye/PVA, 11.11 wt% carmine dye/PVA and 27.775 wt% carmine dye/PVA have a semi-crystalline structure. The transmission spectrum shows that the light is blocked till 600 nm for 27.775 wt% carmine dye/PVA composite films. The transmittance for the composite 27.775 wt% carmine/PVA is reduced to 61%. The absorption bands and band edges were shifted due to the increase of carmine dye percentage in the PVA matrix. The direct bandgap decreased from 5.16 to 1.65 eV as the carmine dye percentage increased.The indirect band gap decreased from 4.75 to 0.99 eV. The refractive index is strongly dependent on the amount of carmine dye on PVA, and the refractive index increased up to 8. The optical conductivity of PVA/carmine dye composites was divided into different stages according to the photon energy. The highest values of the dielectric loss for PVA/carmine dye composites were found at the lowest frequency (100 Hz). PVA/carmine dye composite films are promising standing up filters for laser power attenuation and optoelectronic devices.
The identification of organic colorants in traditional oil paintings is an important and challenging area of conservation research. Since many organic dyes and pigments are fugitive, the detection of ...these materials is crucial for the proper assessment of fading, conservation treatment, and the prevention of further photodamage. While numerous methods exist to characterize colorants, recent advances in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) methodologies have enabled the unambiguous identification of various organic dyestuffs in oil paintings in a minimally invasive manner. Here, we apply a collection of SERS-based protocols to identify the organic pigments used in a number of oil paintings that were made in the Southern British colonies of North America during the eighteenth century and are being prepared for exhibition at the Art Museums of Colonial Williamsburg. Questions arose during the painting examinations that would appear to involve color shifts and possible fading. The SERS results reveal the identity of several organic pigments (i.e. carmine lake, madder lake, Reseda lake, indigo, gamboge) in these eighteenth-century portraits, within the broad-scale quantity-rich areas of the composition as well as the more challenging flesh tones and small, yet important, detail regions. We discover the continued use of carmine lake in seven of the ten paintings and identify the blue and yellow organic pigments used in this group, both of which contribute to our understanding of pigment availability and artists' choices, as well as supporting the more accurate assessment of condition and the artists' original intent.
RESUMO O estudo sobre corantes e seus impactos no meio ambiente são condição para que informação técnicas capazes de proporcionar melhores práticas de gestão sejam adotadas. A falta de informação na ...Ficha de Informação Sobre Produtos Químicos (FISPQ), regulamentada pela ABNT, do Índigo Carmim motivou a investigação sobre toxidez desse corante em solo. No presente trabalho utilizou-se o método respirométrico para verificar a quantidade de CO2 liberada pela respiração da biota do solo. Foi estudado com a intenção de determinar o comportamento dos microrganismos na presença do Índigo Carmim nas concentrações de 1, 100 e 1000 ppm. Os resultados demonstram que o Índigo Carmim não apresenta efeitos tóxicos para os microrganismos presentes no solo analisado. Além disso, foi verificado um incremento na respiração da biota, indicando biodegradabilidade do corante.
ABSTRACT The study of dyes and their impacts on the environment is a condition for adopting technical information capable of providing better management practices. The lack of Índigo Carmim Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) information’s, which, in Brazil, is regulated by the ABNT motivated the investigation about toxicity of this dye in soil. This work used the respirometric method to verify the amount of CO2 released by the respiration of the soil biota. The microorganisms’ behaviors were studied in the presence of Indigo Carmine at concentrations of 1, 100 and 1000 ppm. The results demonstrate that Indigo Carmine does not present toxic effects for the microorganisms present in the analyzed soil. In addition, an increase in biota respiration has been demonstrated, indicating biodegradability of the dye.
Purpose: To study the adsorption of dye (E120) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon.
Method: Factors influencing adsorption were examined and optimized. Three adsorption isotherm models ...(Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin) were investigated. Agitation time was set at 72 hours, E120 dye concentration at 10 – 80 mg/L, pH at 7, temperature at 25°C and mass at 125 mg.
Results: Adsorption of E120 dye onto activated carbon was enhanced by decreasing the mass of activated carbon, pH and ionic strength of the solution and by increasing the temperature. Under optimal conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity of activated carbon for E120 dye was 10.1 mg/g at 30°C. The model parameters were 0.307 L/mg (KL), 10.1 mg/g (qm), 0.9491 (R2) for the Langmuir isotherm; 2.98 (n), 0.445 mg/g (Kf), and 0.6592 (R2) for Freundlich isotherm; and 4.59 mg/L (A), 2.23 J/mol (B), and 0.5914 (R2) for Temkin isotherm. Thermodynamic studies indicate that the adsorption of E120 dye onto activated carbon is an endothermic process with an adsorption enthalpy (ΔH) of 8.7 KJ/mol. The positive values for ΔG indicate that adsorption was non-spontaneous. The kinetic study of E120 dye adsorption showed that the adsorption process obeyed pseudo-second order kinetics.
Conclusion: Commercially available activated carbon, in terms of its physical and chemical characteristics, is a superior adsorbent to other adsorbents mentioned in the literature for removal of toxic dye E120 from aqueous solutions at a high removal capacity.
Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by co-precipitation method were characterized by UV–Vis, XRD, EDX, SEM and FTIR techniques. XRD analysis revealed partially cubic crystal structure ...of NiO NPs, with an average particle size of 35.67 nm. The prepared NPs were also used for the photodegradation of Rose Bengal (RB), Carmine and Bromothymol Blue (BB) dyes. The activation energies calculated for the photodegradation reactions were 9.54 kJ/mol, 11.68 kJ/mol and 11.2 kJ/mol, respectively, for RB, Carmine and BB dyes. The first-order reaction kinetics was followed by the photodegradation reaction of three dyes over NiO NPs as a catalyst. The effect of different reaction parameters was also studied, i.e., at pH 4, and time duration of 240, 160 and 200 min about 92%, 90% and 91% degradation was found for RB, Carmine and BB, respectively. Low dye concentration (10 ppm), maximum catalyst dosage (0.05 g) and increase in temperature up to 50 °C were found to facilitate dye degradation. The recyclability study revealed that NiO NPs could be reused for the degradation of selected dyes; however, the first recovery's performance was superior to the second recovery. The results also indicated that with increase in the concentration of NPs from 2- to 4-mg antioxidant activities, Catalase activity (CAT), Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), Peroxidase activity (POD) and Reduced glutathione (GSH) activity also increased.
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