This paper presents a review of 100 empirical papers studying corporate codes of ethics (CCEs) in business organizations from the time period mid-2005 until mid-2016, following approximately an ...11-year time period after the previous review of the literature. The reviewed papers are broadly categorized as content-oriented, output-oriented, or transformation-oriented. The review sheds light on empirical focus, context, questions addressed, methods, findings and theory. The findings are discussed in terms of the three categories as well as the aggregate, stock of empirical CCE studies in comparison with previous reviews, answering the question “where are we now?” Content and output studies still stand for the majority of the studies, whereas the transformation studies are fewer. Within these areas, two new trends are found to have emerged: discursive analyses and a focus on labor conditions. The review finds that (a) the content of CCEs is still predominantly self-defensive, (b) that CCEs are insufficient in themselves in terms of protecting workers’ rights, (c) that CCEs are likely to encounter tensions when implemented across national and organizational boundaries, and (d) that while perception of CCEs is generally positive, CCEs may lead to both positive and negative outcomes. Based on these findings, potential areas for further exploration in the area of CCE research are suggested.
Codes of ethics in medicine have an ancient tradition, extending back to the Oath of Hippocrates. Yet it was only in the early 1970s that the speciality of psychiatry developed a specific code to ...address the unique ethical dilemmas and complexities arising in psychiatric practice. As the 50th anniversary of the publication of psychiatry's first code of ethics approaches, it is timely to reflect on the progress, role, and impact of such codes.Our aim is to provide a historically informed review of codes of ethics in psychiatry - their origins and evolution, the current picture, and the possibilities for future development.
We conducted a selective review of relevant literature (including all codes of ethics accessible on the websites of World Psychiatric Association members states), analysis of the form and content of codes and related documents in psychiatry, and interviews of psychiatrists who have played central roles in their evolution.
Of the 143 WPA member states, only 15 codes of ethics for psychiatrists were identified, and few of these were associated with professional disciplinary processes. We found that these codes are rarely revised and sometimes supplemented with other statements and guidelines.
While there are difficulties in measuring the direct effectiveness of codes of ethics on the practice of psychiatrists, we conclude that these codes help to (1) promote professional solidarity and autonomy, (2) enhance moral sensitivity, and (3) aid in psychiatric education and training.
Disciplinary punishment is given to convicts who violate the prison rules, in this case convicts who are suspected of violating the order must be subjected to a preliminary examination by the head of ...security before being subject to disciplinary sanctions in accordance with Article 12 paragraph (1) of the Ministerial Regulation and Human Rights. Number 6 of 2013 concerning Rules of State Prisons and Detention Centers. Disclipnary punishment are given to the aim of this research to find out and understand the implementation of disclipnary punisments againts prisoners who violate the rules and the efforts faced by officers in prviding guidance in overcoming discliplinary violations at the Merauke Class IIB Penitentiary.This research was conducted using an empirical juridical method that looks at laws and regulations as a benchmark and looks at facts that occur in the field, especially in Merauke Class IIB Prison. From the results of the study, Discipline for prison-assisted citizens in Merauke Class IIB Prison has not been effective in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 6 of 2013. The obstacles faced by Class IIB Prison are adequate facilities and infrastructure, factors from prisoners and lack of prison officers and efforts made are oral socialization and making billboards to inform prisoners about obligations and prohibitions so that assisted citizens know the laws or regulations in Merauke Class IIB Prison.
Disciplinary punishment is given to convicts who violate the prison rules, in this case convicts who are suspected of violating the order must be subjected to a preliminary examination by the head of ...security before being subject to disciplinary sanctions in accordance with Article 12 paragraph (1) of the Ministerial Regulation and Human Rights. Number 6 of 2013 concerning Rules of State Prisons and Detention Centers. Disclipnary punishment are given to the aim of this research to find out and understand the implementation of disclipnary punisments againts prisoners who violate the rules and the efforts faced by officers in prviding guidance in overcoming discliplinary violations at the Merauke Class IIB Penitentiary.This research was conducted using an empirical juridical method that looks at laws and regulations as a benchmark and looks at facts that occur in the field, especially in Merauke Class IIB Prison. From the results of the study, Discipline for prison-assisted citizens in Merauke Class IIB Prison has not been effective in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 6 of 2013. The obstacles faced by Class IIB Prison are adequate facilities and infrastructure, factors from prisoners and lack of prison officers and efforts made are oral socialization and making billboards to inform prisoners about obligations and prohibitions so that assisted citizens know the laws or regulations in Merauke Class IIB Prison.
The role of the teacher in the school environment is not only as a teacher, there are so many teacher roles that the teacher must carry out. One of the teacher's roles in schools is to enforce school ...rules, where this order is very important to carry out so that discipline is embedded in students. In this study, the main objective is to describe how the role of teachers in enforcing school rules and regulations. Techniques for collecting the data needed in this study used interview, observation, and documentation techniques. To manage the data using an interactive analysis model from Miles and Huberman, namely collecting data, reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. In this study resulted in a style of role performed by the teacher such as using a role style that is seen in the process undertaken by the teacher in supervising students, making decisions, and enforcing rules and acting in determining a solution or problem that arises.
Market participants continue to demand greater transparency from boards of directors, yet little is known about the effect of increased transparency on director decisions. Using a sample of ...practicing board members, our first experiment provides evidence that increased transparency via disclosure may license directors to make more biased decisions. Guided by rich insights provided by these directors, we examine whether considering a company’s ethical values can deter disclosure-induced licensing by activating a morality mindset. In two additional experiments, we find that exposure to a code of conduct that includes an ethics component does not mitigate the licensing effects we observed; however, considering a separate, concise ethics statement does mitigate these effects. Our findings highlight important differences between the code of conduct and ethics statement for decision-making which can help organizations to mitigate adverse effects of disclosure. Implications for users of financial information and regulators are also discussed.
This study compares the different emphases on virtuous characters presented in their values, across global firms considering country and industry of origin. It presents a content analysis of the 122 ...codes of conduct statements from Fortune Global 500 firms, drawn from four sectors and using correspondence analysis. American firms tend to emphasize courage, while European firms emphasize integrity and empathy, surprisingly with Asian firms being closer to European ones. Retailers and pharmaceutical firms emphasize empathy, while banks and petroleum emphasize courage. This study extends the newly emerging strategic paradigm of organizational virtue, by introducing an empirical study of ethical values. Implications for multinational companies are then discussed.
How do wealth managers understand and comply with the social norms embedded in banks’ codes of conduct (CoC), and how do they cope with ethical dilemmas? Do they have a tendency after the global ...financial crisis to prioritize banks’ financial security over clients’ interests? To answer these and related questions, we conduct a nonincentivized online survey with wealth management employees of the Swiss legal entity of a large multinational bank. We propose a method to estimate the comprehension and the level of expected adherence to the CoC principles that we test with our sample. We further show that framing questions under the label of “Financial Security” increased response accuracy and that employees’ honesty helped guide their decision-making toward integrity in ethical dilemmas. Thus, in addition to validating a method for testing the level of CoC comprehension and the expected adherence to its principles, our study is among the first to show that in the wealth management business, honesty and social injunctive norms defined in the bank’s CoC reinforce one another.
The Vitruvian Man is a metaphor for the “ideal man” by feminist posthuman philosopher Rosi Braidotti (2013) as a proxy for eurocentric humanist ideals. The first half of this paper extends ...Braidotti's concept by thinking about the metaphor of the “ideal nurse” (Vitruvian nurse) and how this metaphor contributes to racism, oppression, and burnout in nursing and might restrict the professionalization of nursing. The Vitruvian nurse is an idealized and perfected form of a nurse with self‐sacrificial language (re)producing self‐sacrificing expectations. The second half of this paper looks at how regulatory frameworks (using the example of UK's Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct) institutionalize the conditions of possibility through collective imaginations. The domineering expectations found within the Vitruvian nurse metaphor and further codified by regulatory frameworks give rise to boredom and burnout. The paper ends by suggesting possible ways to diffract regulatory frameworks to practice with affirmative ethics and reduce feelings of self‐sacrifice and exhaustion among nurses.
ABSTRACT
In the past decade, policy‐makers in science have been concerned with harmonizing research integrity standards across Europe. These standards are encapsulated in the European Code of Conduct ...for Research Integrity. Yet, almost every European country today has its own national‐level code of conduct for research integrity. In this study we document in detail how national‐level codes diverge on almost all aspects concerning research integrity—except for what constitutes egregious misconduct. Besides allowing for potentially unfair responses to joint misconduct by international collaborations, we argue that the divergences raise questions about the envisaged self‐regulatory function of the codes of conduct.
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