We describe eight, mostly complete white-tailed eagle (Haliaëtus Haliaeetus albicilla) talons from the Krapina Neandertal site in present-day Croatia, dating to approximately 130 kyrs ago. Four ...talons bear multiple, edge-smoothed cut marks; eight show polishing facets and/or abrasion. Three of the largest talons have small notches at roughly the same place along the plantar surface, interrupting the proximal margin of the talon blade. These features suggest they were part of a jewelry assemblage, --- the manipulations a consequence of mounting the talons in a necklace or bracelet. An associated phalanx articulates with one of the talons and has numerous cut marks, some of which are smoothed. These white-tailed eagle bones, discovered more than 100 years ago, all derive from a single level at Krapina and represent more talons than found in the entire European Mousterian period. Presence of eight talons indicates that the Krapina Neandertals acquired and curated eagle talons for some kind of symbolic purpose. Some have argued that Neandertals lacked symbolic ability or copied this behavior from modern humans. These remains clearly show that the Krapina Neandertals made jewelry well before the appearance of modern humans in Europe, extending ornament production and symbolic activity early into the European Mousterian.
Balkan Wars Tracy, James D
2016., 2016, 2016-07-29
eBook
This history of the western Balkans in the 16th century brings together rich primary research and a masterful synthesis of key work on Habsburg Croatia, Ottoman Bosnia, and Venetian Dalmatia. Tracy ...offers the first clear assessment of how Austria and Venice, despite their mutual hostility, managed to hold back a seemingly unstoppable Turkish march.
The legal autonomy in religious and ecclesiastical affairs enjoyed by the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia enabled the regulation of the status of Jews. Since representatives of the Croatian Jewish ...communities did not participate in the 1868-69 Hungarian Jewish Congress, its decisions were not formally binding upon them. Nevertheless, the Congress and its outcomes resulted in the separation of the local communities into Orthodox and Neolog ones, and the legal and political resolution of the pending issues pertaining to their split resulted in the application of the Congress's decisions.
Weathering of soft rocks is usually considered as an important factor in various fields such as geology, engineering geology, mineralogy, soil and rock mechanics, and geomorphology. The problem of ...stability over time should be considered for slopes excavated in soft rocks, in case they are not protected against weathering processes. In addition to disintegration of material on slope surface, the weathering also results in shear strength reduction in the interior of the slope. Principal processes in association with weatherinz are discussed with the examnles of marl hosted on flvsch formations near Solit. Croatia.
The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal trends and geographical differences in
Sr and stable element (Ba, Ca, Mn, Sr, Pb, Zn) levels in the bones of Croatian and Polish brown bear ...(Ursus arctos) populations. Experimental data suggest that in the decades after nuclear weapon tests and the Chernobyl accident,
Sr bone activity concentrations decreased from 352 to 11 Bq kg
in the Croatian bear population (period 1982-2015) and from 831 to 27 Bq kg
in Polish bears (period 1962-2020). Calculated effective and ecological half-lives were 9 and 13 years for Croatian bears, and 15 and 31 years for Polish bears, respectively. Different temporal trends were noted in levels of Ba, Mn, Pb and Zn between the two countries with majority of bones having lower Pb, Sr and Zn in Croatian than in Polish bears. Estimated values for the soil-to-bear transfer of
Sr were the same order of magnitude in the studied populations. Contrary to this, the estimated transfer of stable Sr was an order of magnitude lower for the Croatian bear population compared to Polish bears. The observed differences in soil-to-bear transfer between stable Sr and
Sr found for Croatian bears might suggest the need for careful consideration on the use of stable Sr data as an analogue for
Sr. To our knowledge, this is the first study that analysed
Sr activity in tissue of brown bears. As such, it provides insight into the fate and behaviour of one of the most relevant anthropogenic radionuclides at the top of the food chain.
Malovic and Selnow examine the evolution of the press-government relationship in Croatia from the Tito era to the present. Their story is one of three interacting players: the Croatian government ...which until recently has sat firmly in control, the compliant press which seemed little motivated to change, and the largely quiescent public which demanded little from its press or its government. A provocative, often first-hand account that will be of interest to scholars and researchers involved with Balkan current affairs, journalism, and politics.
Croatia has made great strides in strengthening its regulatory policy framework. Improving the entire regulatory policy cycle will ensure that regulations are built on a foundation of solid evidence ...and public participation and are designed to improve the security, health and well-being of citizens at a reasonable cost. This report assesses the country's regulatory management capacity by taking stock of regulatory policies, institutions and tools, including administrative simplification policies, ex ante and ex post evaluation of regulations, stakeholder engagement practices, multi-level regulatory governance arrangements and tax regimes for small businesses. The review describes trends and recent developments, identifies gaps in relation to good practices and offers policy recommendations based on best international practices to strengthen the government's capacity to manage regulatory policy.
In this paper, a preliminary analysis of the landslide inventory is presented for the wider area of the municipalities of Glina and Dvor, within Sisak-Moslavina County in Croatia, where LiDAR ...scanning for 45.85 km2 was conducted. Landslide polygons were outlined based on the visual interpretation of HRDEM derivates. In total, 477 landslides were contoured with an average landslide density of 9.85 per km2. Most of the landslides are characterised as moderate, shallow, and not recent. The spatial relationship between landslides and geological units is expressed with the landslide index. Subsequently, the geological units were grouped into four engineering geological units representing different susceptibilities to landslides. The geological units most prone to landslides are the Eocene, Oligocene, Palaeocene and Jurassic sandstones. Even though all geological units were analysed here, the majority of landslides are within sandstones. A particular emphasis was on landslide occurrence in metamorphic and igneous rocks of the ophiolite sequence, a distinctive characteristic of the research area where less susceptibility to landslide processes was observed. Moreover, to further distinguish the differences between the units in the area a morphometric characteristic (relief) and drainage network was also analysed. The purpose of this analysis was to additionally confirm the landslide susceptibility assessment and the division of geological units into engineering geological units, which again implied the different behaviours between landslides in igneous and metamorphic rocks compared to sandstones. Because the research area is poorly studied regarding landslide susceptibility, relief, and drainage networks, these findings will be a step forward in recognising the relationship between them and creating a base for the development of a landslide susceptibility map for this area.
During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was great enthusiasm for the use of azithromycin with or without hydroxychloroquine.
We analyzed azithromycin consumption in Croatia in 2020 ...and compared this to the period 2017-2019.
Azithromycin consumption was evaluated using the IQVIA Adriatic d.o.o. database which collects data on azithromycin distribution from wholesale pharmacies to hospital and non-hospital pharmacies in Croatia. We analyzed data for the period from January 2017 to December 2020. Azithromycin distribution was measured as days of therapy (DOT) and reported as per 1000 inhabitants or per 1000 inhabitant-days.
In the period 2017-2020, total azithromycin DOT in Croatia increased in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 (1.76, 1.91, 1.91 and 2.01/1000 inhabitant-days, respectively). Non-hospital pharmacies received 2.18 times and hospital pharmacies 4.39 times more DOT units/1000 inhabitants of azithromycin in March 2020 compared to the average distribution rate in March 2017-2019. During the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic (November and December 2020) azithromycin distribution increased considerably in hospital (3.62 and 3.19 times, respectively) and non-hospital pharmacies (1.93 and 1.84 times, respectively) compared to the average consumption in the same months in 2017-2019.
Our data showed increased azithromycin distribution in the period 2017-2020 which indicates azithromycin overuse. Preliminary information on COVID-19 treatments with a desire to offer and try what is available even in the absence of strong scientific evidence may have influenced practices of antimicrobial prescriptions.
A systematic revitalization of cultural and historic ensembles has been noticeably absent in modern Croatia. Some activities in cities have been carried out in an ad hoc manner without a systematic ...approach and appropriate methodology, legal framework or spatial planning and other documentation. The situation that arose after the earthquake in Zagreb on March 22, 2020 should give impetus to do what should have been done a few decades ago, namely to launch a systematic professional and scientifically based restoration of the protected historic ensemble of the City of Zagreb as well as of other cities in Croatia. This publication was conceived as a contribution to this goal as well as a contribution to repairing the consequences of the earthquake in Zagreb. It is expected to provide the answers to numerous questions that accompany the process of urban revitalization. The publication consists of three main chapters that give a general introduction to the modern process of urban revitalization, offer illustrative examples of transformation and urban revitalization of European cities and suggest useful guidelines for initiating and implementing the urban revitalization process of the City of Zagreb.
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