Ten traditional herbal extracts effective against diarrhea, infectious diseases, and bacterial activity were selected and analyzed for Peyer’s patch cell-mediated intestinal immunomodulatory activity ...in vitro and in vivo. Among the 10 herbal extracts, Zingiber officinale Rosc. (ZO) extract induced the highest secretion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the cells of Peyer’s patches. Furthermore, animal experiments showed that IA production was enhanced with the oral administration of ZO extract (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) for 10 days. In addition, 6-, 8-, 10-gingerol, and 6-, 8-, 10-shogaol, the six major index compounds of ZO extract, were analyzed using HPLC. Our study findings confirm the intestinal immunomodulatory activity of ZO extract and lay a strong foundation for future analytical studies aimed at determining the active components of ZO extracts.
Blastocystis sp. is the most common intestinal protozoan affecting human health worldwide. Several studies have reported the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in various regions of the Republic of ...Korea. However, limited data are available on the prevalence and subtype (ST) distribution of this parasite among regions. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence and ST distributions of this parasite in the Republic of Korea. For this purpose, 894 stool specimens were collected from patients with diarrhea and tested for the presence of Blastocystis sp. using PCR analysis. The isolates were subsequently subtyped. The overall prevalence was 11.6%. Of the 104 isolates, ST3 was the most prevalent, followed by ST1. Additionally, a single case of the rare subtype ST8 was identified, representing the first reported case in the Republic of Korea. The results suggested that the predominance of ST3 observed in this study reflects human-to-human transmission with low genetic diversity within the ST, while ST1 transmission is likely correlated with animals. In the future, to better understand Blastocystis sp. transmission dynamics, human, animal, and environmental factors should be studied from a “One Health” perspective.
Pediatric diarrhea can be caused by a wide variety of pathogens, from bacteria to viruses to protozoa. Pathogen prevalence is often described as seasonal, peaking annually and associated with ...specific weather conditions. Although many studies have described the seasonality of diarrheal disease, these studies have occurred predominantly in temperate regions. In tropical and resource-constrained settings, where nearly all diarrhea-associated mortality occurs, the seasonality of many diarrheal pathogens has not been well characterized. As a retrospective study, we analyze the seasonal prevalence of diarrheal pathogens among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) over three years from the seven sites of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), a case-control study. Using data from this expansive study on diarrheal disease, we characterize the seasonality of different pathogens, their association with site-specific weather patterns, and consistency across study sites.
Using traditional methodologies from signal processing, we found that certain pathogens peaked at the same time every year, but not at all sites. We also found associations between pathogen prevalence and weather or "seasons," which are defined by applying modern machine-learning methodologies to site-specific weather data. In general, rotavirus was most prevalent during the drier "winter" months and out of phase with bacterial pathogens, which peaked during hotter and rainier times of year corresponding to "monsoon," "rainy," or "summer" seasons.
Identifying the seasonally-dependent prevalence for diarrheal pathogens helps characterize the local epidemiology and inform the clinical diagnosis of symptomatic children. Our multi-site, multi-continent study indicates a complex epidemiology of pathogens that does not reveal an easy generalization that is consistent across all sites. Instead, our study indicates the necessity of local data to characterizing the epidemiology of diarrheal disease. Recognition of the local associations between weather conditions and pathogen prevalence suggests transmission pathways and could inform control strategies in these settings.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection has a significant economic impact on beef and dairy industries worldwide. Fetal infection with a non-cytopathic strain may lead to the birth of ...persistently infected (PI) offspring, which is the main event in the epidemiological chain of BVDV infection. This report describes the birth of 99 BVDV-PI heifer calves within 52 days of birth in a regular BVDV-vaccinated Brazilian dairy cattle herd and the subgenotypes of the infecting field strains. This study was conducted in a high-yielding open dairy cattle herd that frequently acquired heifers from neighboring areas for replacement. The farm monitors the birth of PI calves by screening all calves born using an ELISA (IDEXX) for BVDV antigen detection. All calves aged 1–7 days were evaluated. For positive and suspected results, the ELISA was repeated when the calves were close to one month old. A total of 294 heifer calves were evaluated between February and March 2021. Of these, 99 (33.7 %) had positive ELISA results and were considered PI calves. To evaluate the predominant BVDV species and subgenotypes in this outbreak, whole blood samples were collected from 31 calves born during the study period. All samples were submitted to the RT-PCR assay for the partial amplification of the BVDV 5′-UTR region, and these amplicons were subjected to nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis identified BVDV-1b and BVDV-1d in 16 and 13 heifer calves, respectively. In two calves, it was not possible to determine the BVDV-1 subgenotype. Detection of PI animals and monitoring of circulating BVDV subgenotype strains are central to disease control. This study shows that regular BVDV vaccination alone may be insufficient to prevent BVDV infection in high-yielding open dairy cattle herds. Other biosecurity measures must be adopted to avoid the purchase of cattle with acute infections by BVDV or BVDV-PI, which can cause a break in the health profile of the herd and economic losses.
Intestinal lymphangiectasia is a rare congenital/acquired malformation where impaired lymph drainage leads to lymph leakage in the intestinal lumen and/or peritoneum. Epidemiology is unknown. There ...are no well-established management guidelines. A review of clinical notes was undertaken along with review of literature.18-month-old female, born at 34 weeks with complex gastroschisis, duodenal and jejunal atresia needing silo reduction followed by laparotomy and duodenal jejunal anastomosis. She required parenteral nutrition (PN) for 2 months and was discharged at 3 months of age. She was lost to follow up and presented with anasarca, chronic diarrhoea, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, failure to thrive and persistent hypoalbuminemia at 18 months. She received PN and attempts to feed her led to diarrhoea and hypoalbuminemia. Endoscopy revealed a no-fibrotic colonic stricture 50 cm from anal verge requiring dilatation. She received immunoglobulins for hypogammaglobulinemia. She was also noted to have persistent norovirus in her stools. A clinical diagnosis of protein losing enteropathy was made based on hypoalbuminemia and raised faecal alpha-1 antitrypsin (7.47 mg/g ww) however gastro-duodenoscopy was normal. She was trialled on modular feeds with low fat and medium chain triglyceride. Her genetic screen for R-15, R-33 panel were normal. Whole genome sequencing revealed GLMN variant associated with glomerular malformation. In view of persistently raised alpha-1 antitrypsin she underwent Magnetic resonance lymphangiogram which did not suggest any lymphatic anomalies. A double-balloon balloon enteroscopy revealed mid-jejunal lesions consistent with lymphangiectasia approximately 40 cm from the pylorus (see figure 1). This was confirmed on microscopic appearance (see figure 2). She was then commenced on sirolimus with a favourable response.Intestinal lymphangiectasia should be considered in context of diarrhoea, hypoalbuminemia and raised alpha-1 antitrypsin. Majority of the cases respond well to dietary modification. Small bowel resection may be needed. Radiological investigations alone cannot refute the diagnosis and luminal view is probably the best modality to rule out lymphangiectasia.Abstract OC87 Figure 1Endoscopic appearance of lymphangiectasiaFigure omitted. See PDFAbstract OC87 Figure 2Microscopic appearance of intestinal lymphangiectasiaFigure omitted. See PDF
•Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can be detected in nasal secretions but not transmitted.•The amount of virus detected in nasal secretion needs to be considered when evaluating transmission ...studies.•One size does not fit all for BVDV transmission and multiple factors can impact transmission dynamics.
Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) can cause both acute and persistent infections in cattle. Exposure to BVDV persistently infected (PI) animals results in transmission of the virus to a naïve animal which causes a transient acute infection. While it is known that direct exposure to PI animals is a highly efficient means of transmission, less information is available regarding the potential for transmission from acutely infected either by direct or indirect exposure to naïve animals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for spread of the virus from calves acutely infected, with typical virulence field viruses know to have minimal shedding and viremia, to naïve contact animals either by direct or indirect exposure. To accomplish this objective, two BVDV isolates belonging to two species of BVDV, type 1 and type 2, were used to inoculate calves. Subsequently on day 2 post-infection, naïve calves were exposed to inoculated calves, either directly or indirectly, over a period of two weeks. All calves were evaluated for the presence of virus in blood samples and nasal swabs, pyrexia, lymphopenia and seroconversion. BVDV was isolated from inoculated calves but not from any of the direct and indirect contact animals or from control calves. Similarly, pyrexia and lymphopenia were observed in the inoculated calves, but not in contact and control calves. Only the inoculated calves seroconverted by day 38 of the study indicating that no transmission had occurred to the naïve contact calves. This data would suggest that there may be an infectious dose needed for transmission of virus for typical virulent isolates.
Spectrum of Drug-induced Chronic Diarrhea Philip, Nissy A; Ahmed, Nazir; Pitchumoni, Capecomorin S
Journal of clinical gastroenterology,
2017-February, Letnik:
51, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The evaluation of a patient with chronic diarrhea can be quite frustrating, as it is expensive and involves multiple diagnostic studies. Moreover, identification of a drug as a cause of chronic ...diarrhea is a challenge in patients taking multiple medications. The disease may either be associated with intestinal mucosal changes, mimicking diseases such as celiac disease, or purely functional, with no histopathologic change. Drug-induced diarrhea may or may not be associated with malabsorption of nutrients, and a clinical improvement may occur within days of discontinuation of the drug, or may take longer when associated with mucosal injury. Diarrhea in diabetics, often attributed to poor management and lack of control, may be due to oral hypoglycaemic agents. Chemotherapy can result in diffuse or segmental colitis, whereas olmesartan and a few other medications infrequently induce a disease that mimics celiac disease, but is not associated with gluten intolerance. In short, increased awareness of a drug, as a cause for diarrhea and a clear understanding of the clinical manifestations will help clinicians to solve this challenging problem. This article aims to review drug-induced diarrhea to (a) understand known pathophysiological mechanisms; (b) assess the risk associated with frequently prescribed medications, and discuss the pathogenesis; and
During the 10 days commencing April 29, 2013, the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory received the first 4 of many submissions from swine farms experiencing explosive epidemics of ...diarrhea and vomiting affecting all ages, with 90–95% mortality in suckling pigs. Histology revealed severe atrophy of villi in all segments of the small intestines with occasional villus-epithelial syncytial cells, but testing for rotaviruses and Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (Alphacoronavirus 1) were negative. Negative-staining electron microscopy of feces revealed coronavirus-like particles and a pan-coronavirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) designed to amplify a conserved region of the polymerase gene for all members in the family Coronaviridae produced expected 251-bp amplicons. Subsequent sequencing and analysis revealed 99.6–100% identity among the PCR amplicons from the 4 farms and 97–99% identity to the corresponding portion of the polymerase gene of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains, with the highest identity (99%) to strains from China in 2012. Findings were corroborated at National Veterinary Services Laboratories using 2 nested S-gene and 1 nested N-gene PCR tests where the sequenced amplicons also had the highest identity with 2012 China strains. Whole genome sequence for the virus from 2 farms in 2 different states using next-generation sequencing technique was compared to PEDV sequences available in GenBank. The 2013 U.S. PEDV had 96.6–99.5% identity with all known PEDV strains and the highest identity (>99.0%) to some of the 2011–2012 Chinese strains. The nearly simultaneous outbreaks of disease, and high degree of homology (99.6–100%) between the PEDV strains from the 4 unrelated farms, suggests a common source of virus.
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