In last few years, many countries in the world have shown huge interest in smart grid technology. They are facing many challenges in the process of deployment of this technology at ground level. ...Hence a planned research is required to meet those challenges within time. This paper provides a detailed description of progress in the field of demand side management, demand response programs, distributed generation, technical issues in the way of their progress and key advantages, which will be received after the final deployment of these programs. Renewable energy resources are also becoming a main part of distributed generation, which provides a solution for environmental problems caused by conventional power plants. Few countries are working on the deployment of the advanced metering system. Along with this, the scope of research in various programs of smart grid technology has been explored.
This paper presents a new framework for the scheduling of microgrids and distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR), taking into consideration the uncertainties due to the load demand, market price, ...and renewable power generation. The model is implemented on the modified IEEE 118-bus test system, including microgrids and smart homes. The problem has been formulated as a two-stage model, which at the first stage, the day-ahead self-scheduling of each microgrid is carried out as a two-objective optimization problem. The two objectives include the minimization of the total operating cost and maximization of the consumer's comfort index. Then, the solution, obtained from the first stage is delivered to the distribution system operator (DSO). Then, at the second stage, the DSO determines the optimal configuration of the system with the aim of minimizing operating costs of the main grid and the penalty of deviating from microgrid scheduling. Note that the penalty is due to the difference in power exchange requested by the microgrids from the power exchange finalized by the DSO. The presented two-stage optimization problem is modeled in a mixed-integer linear programing (MILP) framework with four case studies, and solved in GAMS by using the GURUBI solver. The simulation results show that in the cases the DSO is able to reconfigure the system, the deviation from the optimal scheduling of microgrids would be considerably lower than the cases with fixed system configuration.
•Proposing a two-stage optimization framework for scheduling of microgrids and DFR.•Considering smart homes and traditional loads in the model.•Two-objective modeling of microgrids' scheduling problem by the fuzzy method.•Solving the DFR problem with regard to the optimal scheduling of microgrids.•Investigating the impact of different objective functions on smart homes' scheduling.
Stochastic energy management of smart microgrids (MGs) is an important subject due to the high integration of intermittent resources, including wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) units. The ...complexity of the multi MGs management algorithm increases, considering their participation in an electricity market. In this paper, we proposed a stochastic energy management algorithm to address the participation of smart MGs in the electricity market, which minimizes the total cost and finds the optimal size of different components, including WT, PV unit, fuel cell, Electrolyzer, battery, and microturbine. The intermittencies in the PV output power, WT output power, and electric vehicle (EV) are modeled and integrated into the management algorithm using the Copula method. The market clearing price (MCP) is found using a game theory (GT) model and Cournot equilibrium. To verify the efficiency of the proposed method, it is tested on a sample three-MG, where the optimal size of various components is obtained. The obtained results verify that the total cost of MG decreases and the better performance can be obtained after participation in the electricity market. A sensitivity analysis is also done to evaluate the effects of various parameter changes (e.g., capital cost, replacement cost, and operation and maintenance cost) in various scenarios, where the obtained results verify that the cost reduction is obtained over different scenarios.
•A stochastic management algorithm for multi MGs is proposed to minimize total cost.•The interactions between MGs, upstream networks, and the electricity market are modeled.•Market clearing price (MCP) is modeled due to renewable resources intermittencies.•The optimal size of renewable resources in MGs are determined before and after participation in the electricity market.•The method’s robustness is validated through sensitivity analysis.
Smart grid (SG), an evolving concept in the modern power infrastructure, enables the two-way flow of electricity and data between the peers within the electricity system networks (ESN) and its ...clusters. The self-healing capabilities of SG allow the peers to become active partakers in ESN. In general, the SG is intended to replace the fossil fuel-rich conventional grid with the distributed energy resources (DER) and pools numerous existing and emerging know-hows like information and digital communications technologies together to manage countless operations. With this, the SG will able to “detect, react, and pro-act” to changes in usage and address multiple issues, thereby ensuring timely grid operations. However, the “detect, react, and pro-act” features in DER-based SG can only be accomplished at the fullest level with the use of technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and the Blockchain (BC). The techniques associated with AI include fuzzy logic, knowledge-based systems, and neural networks. They have brought advances in controlling DER-based SG. The IoT and BC have also enabled various services like data sensing, data storage, secured, transparent, and traceable digital transactions among ESN peers and its clusters. These promising technologies have gone through fast technological evolution in the past decade, and their applications have increased rapidly in ESN. Hence, this study discusses the SG and applications of AI, IoT, and BC. First, a comprehensive survey of the DER, power electronics components and their control, electric vehicles (EVs) as load components, and communication and cybersecurity issues are carried out. Second, the role played by AI-based analytics, IoT components along with energy internet architecture, and the BC assistance in improving SG services are thoroughly discussed. This study revealed that AI, IoT, and BC provide automated services to peers by monitoring real-time information about the ESN, thereby enhancing reliability, availability, resilience, stability, security, and sustainability.
Microgrid Protection Hooshyar, Ali; Iravani, Reza
Proceedings of the IEEE,
07/2017, Letnik:
105, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The proliferation of distributed energy resources is setting the stage for modern distribution systems to operate as microgrids, which can avoid power disruptions and serve as resources for fast ...recovery during macrogrid disturbances. Microgrids are, therefore, major assets to improve the grid resilience. However, the offered resilience is seriously undermined if microgrids are not properly protected in the event of faults within their own boundaries. Distribution protective devices cannot reliably protect microgrids due to the variable and often limited short-circuit capacities of microgrids. Moreover, the research on microgrid protection has not led to a commercially available microgrid relay to date and has little prospect of reaching that level in the near future. As a result, the existing options for reliable microgrid protection remain effectively the subtransmission and transmission system protective devices, e.g., directional overcurrent, distance, and differential relays. Although years of operation in macrogrids support these relays, their performance for microgrids is yet to be analyzed. This paper presents such analysis for different relay types by considering various fault and generation conditions in a microgrid. Time-domain simulations are used to identify the scenarios where the relays function correctly as well as the problematic conditions, on which future research should focus. This paper also presents a short review on direct current (dc) microgrids and their protection requirements.
To accomplish feasible large-scale integration of distributed energy resources (DER) into the existing grid system, microgrid implementation has proven to be the most effective. This article reviews ...the vital aspects of DER based microgrid and presents simulations to investigate the impacts of DER sources, electric vehicles (EV), and energy storage system (ESS) on practicable architectures' resilient operation. The focus is primarily on the concept and definition of microgrid, comparison of control strategies (primary, secondary, and tertiary strategies), energy management strategies, power quality (PQ) issues associated with DER based microgrid, and state-of-the-art entities such as ESS and EV's applications toward microgrid reliability. Following discussion on the different attributes of DER sources-based microgrid, simulations are performed to verify the results of the past works on the effects of solar, wind energy sources, ESS, and EVs on the microgrid frequency response. Additional simulations are conducted to assess the influences of DERs, ESS, EVs, and their operational strategies on the microgrid reliability aspects.
The proliferation of distributed energy resources entails efficient market mechanisms in distribution-level networks. This paper establishes a local energy market (LEM) framework, in which ...electricity and hydrogen are traded. Players in the LEM consist of renewable distributed generators (DGs), loads, hydrogen vehicles, and a hydrogen storage system (HSS) operated by an HSS agent. An iterative LEM clearing method is proposed based on the merit order principle. Players submit offers/bids with consideration of their own preferences and profiles according to the utility functions. The decentralized LEM clearing process not only avoids complex calculation induced by the centralized decision process, but also preserves players' privacy. Case studies are conducted that demonstrate that the LEM promotes local integration of renewable energy, reduces peak demand, and improves players' utilities. Sensitivity analysis is then implemented to discuss the influences on the LEM clearing results of capacities of DGs, loads, and the HSS, as well as price of hydrogen from the hydrogen station.
The development of hydrogen-based energy sources as viable alternatives to fossil-fuel technologies has revolutionized clean energy production using fuel cells. However, to date, the slow rate of the ...hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline environments has hindered advances in alkaline fuel cell systems. Here, we address this by studying the trends in the activity of the HOR in alkaline environments. We demonstrate that it can be enhanced more than fivefold compared to state-of-the-art platinum catalysts. The maximum activity is found for materials (Ir and Pt₀.₁Ru₀.₉) with an optimal balance between the active sites that are required for the adsorption/dissociation of H₂ and for the adsorption of hydroxyl species (OHad). We propose that the more oxophilic sites on Ir (defects) and PtRu material (Ru atoms) electrodes facilitate the adsorption of OHad species. Those then react with the hydrogen intermediates (Had) that are adsorbed on more noble surface sites.
Due to increasing in natural disasters in the recent years, the issue of distribution network resilience has become highly important. Microgrids with different types of distributed energy resources ...have the capabilities to improve distribution network resilience under extreme events. In this paper, we present a mixed-integer linear program to restore prioritized loads while satisfying topology and operational constraints. In the presented model, we study dynamic microgrid formation and optimal management of various smart grid technologies such as distributed generations, demand response programs, wind turbines and energy storage units. We also investigate the significant impact of renewable energy resources, loads and their uncertainty on distribution system resilience. In addition, we determine the required emergency budgets of operation to restore a distribution system from extreme events. We also intend to examine the effects of demand response programs on improving the distribution system performance in the recovery period. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the presented model on a modified IEEE 33-node test system and a real distribution system.
•A linear approach is presented to enhance the resilience of distribution system.•A resilient model is proposed to form dynamic microgrids.•A stochastic programming is used to model the uncertainty of renewable energy.
Renewable energy resources (RER) are globally emerging as an energy generation alternative and latest research points out that these resources will have vital importance in the future. Limited ...reserves and negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels make investors to consider RER for sustainable development. In this study, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach is applied using the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory Model (DEMATEL) technique, integrated with Analytic Network Process (ANP) for selecting the most appropriate RER in Turkey from an investor-focused perspective. The originality of the work comes from its ability to combine technical, economic, political and social attributes with a developed RER evaluation model and the effective and integrated framework it provides to select the most appropriate RER for Turkey for the first time using integrated DEMATEL and ANP approach.
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