Changing the museum definition to one that is adequate for the 21st century is no mere technical exercise. It is a process of understanding the embeddedness of museums in society, of contextualising, ...historicising and de-naturalising the current definition and of developing new ethical, epistemological and political positions that reflect current challenges and obligations. The articles in the next section discuss how the scientific paradigms of previous historic periods in the current context become obstacles for museums in documenting, interpreting and addressing urgent contemporary issues, and how this traditional, Western framework needs to be and can be transcended.
Cyrano de Bergeracs Reise zum Mond (1657) und Reise zur Sonne (1662) gelten als literarische Schwellentexte, die exemplarisch für die entscheidenden Umbrüche stehen, die sich im Zuge des 17. ...Jahrhunderts in wissenschaftlicher und epistemologischer Hinsicht vollziehen. Die Texte wurden als Vorläufer für die Literatur der Aufklärung gelesen, als soziale Utopien, aber auch als Satiren, die sich mit den gesellschaftspolitischen Zuständen ihrer Zeit kritisch auseinandersetzen.
This book offers a defence of Wrightean epistemic entitlement, one of the most prominent approaches to hinge epistemology. It also systematically explores the connections between virtue epistemology ...and hinge epistemology. According to hinge epistemology, any human belief set is built within and upon a framework of pre-evidential propositions – hinges – that cannot be justified. Epistemic entitlement argues that we are entitled to trust our hinges. But there remains a problem. Entitlement is inherently unconstrained and arbitrary: We can be entitled to any hinge proposition under the right circumstances. In this book, the author argues that we need a non-arbitrariness clause that protects entitlement from defeat. This clause, he argues, is to require epistemic virtue. Virtuous cognitive dispositions provide the non-arbitrariness clause that protects entitlement from defeat. The epistemic character of the agent who holds a particular set of hinges tells us something about the hinges’ epistemic status. Conversely, epistemic virtues are cognitive dispositions and capacities that rely on hinge propositions – without trusting in some hinges, we would be unable to exercise our virtues. Trust Responsibly will appeal to scholars and advanced students working on epistemology, Wittgenstein, and virtues.
Since the post-positivist turn in the 20th century, many scholars and philosophers have argued for the importance of Other Ways Of Knowing - including local, embodied, situated, partial, and ...indigenous knowledges - in developing a better understanding of the world. This argument has been further stressed by a large subset of scholars working in the fields of geography, policy, planning, natural resource management, and community development, yet in practice, positivism retains its epistemological dominance. Drawing from a case study of a dam proposal at Traveston Crossing, Queensland, Australia, this paper will explore these epistemological tensions from the perspective of those whose first/primary ways of knowing about the issue were marginalised, namely the local activists who opposed the proposal. Using data gathered from document analysis and interviews, the paper will explore how these activists implicitly understood this epistemological marginalisation, how they adopted and employed positivist knowledge and language to further the exposure and credibility of their campaign, how this credibility was mediated by their identities, how they strategically deployed different forms of knowledge at local, national, and international scales, and how their successful navigation of these epistemological tensions was critical to the ultimate success of their campaign.
The companion Ibn Masʿūd (d. 32/652-653) has long been recognised for the variance of his Qur'anic qirāʾa ('reading', or 'recitation') from the canonical ʿUthmānī codex. His reading continued to ...enjoy popularity for at least a century within Kufa, the place of origin for much of the Hanafī madhhab's jurisprudential corpus. This article analyses Masʿūdian variants with legal implications in the doctrine of the early jurist Ibrāhīm al-Nakhaʿī (d. 96/715), the seminal writings ascribed to Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Shaybānī (d. 189/805), as well as the furūʿ and uṣūl works of key Hanafī figures from the fourth/tenth and fifth/eleventh centuries: al-Jaṣṣāṣ (d. 370/981), al-Qudūrī (d. 428/1036-1037) and al-Sarakhsī (d. 483/1090). Close study of these figures' use of Masʿūdian variants indicates that while their non-canonicity demanded a compelling solution, their quasi-Qur'anic status presented opportunities within the arena of juristic debate. Furthermore, the manner in which they were ultimately accommodated within the practical and theoretical toolkit of the Hanafī school illustrates broader developments in its epistemology of revelation, abrogation and transmission.
Wisdom and Reason Mărăşoiu, Andrei
Croatian journal of philosophy,
2018, Letnik:
XVIII, Številka:
53
Journal Article
Recenzirano
On Ryan’s (2012) theory of wisdom as deep rationality, to believe or act wisely is to believe or act in a justified way, informed by a body of other justified beliefs about the good life. Ryan (2017) ...elaborates the view along evidentialist lines: one’s belief or act is justified when it is based on the best available evidence. The resulting package faces counterexamples. Transformative experiences are rational ‘leaps of faith’ (Paul 2014), so the agent’s decision to undergo one is not best supported by the evidence
available. Many transformative experiences (such as deciding to become a mother, or choosing a career path) often endow lives with meaning, and agents with a sense of purpose (Wolf 2010). Because so much is at stake, it is sometimes rational for agents to take on the risk involved in transforming themselves. Deciding to undergo such experiences may be wise—even if the evidence available at the time doesn’t positively support that decision. In reply to this challenge, I argue that, instead of evidentialism, Ryan’s view should include virtue theory, which helps explain the seeming counterexamples. I focus on the virtues of openness to experience, and of steadfastness in the face of experience.
Der Architekt Gottfried Semper (1803–1879) hinterließ nicht nur bedeutende Bauten in mehreren europäischen Ländern, sondern schuf auch ein außerordentlich originelles und tiefschürfendes ...theoretisches Werk, in dem er die Architektur unter Bezugnahme auf zahlreiche weitere Disziplinen deutet. Der Aufsatz behandelt mit der Mathematik ein bislang von der Semperforschung wenig beachtetes Feld. Diese Vernachlässigung ist umso gravierender, als Sempers Ausbildung mit einem Mathematikstudium bei Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut in Göttingen begann. Durch dessen an Johann Friedrich Herbarts Pädagogik und Anschauungsbegriff orientierte Lehre wurde Semper über das spezifisch Mathematische hinaus mit einem epistemologischen Ansatz vertraut gemacht, der für seine architektur- und kulturtheoretische Arbeit wegweisend wurde. Der Aufsatz schlägt den Bogen von Sempers Göttinger Studienjahren zu seiner mathematisch-ästhetischen Hauptschrift Ueber die bleiernen Schleudergeschosse der Alten und über zweckmässige Gestaltung der Wurfkörper im Allgemeinen, die er ab 1853 im Londoner Exil als Antwort auf aktuelle Debatten über die optischen Korrekturen an antiken Tempeln verfasste. Darin setzte er den arithmetischen und geometrischen Verfahren seiner Kollegen algebraische Berechnungsmethoden entgegen. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Algebra mit Sempers ästhetischen Theoremen korrespondiert, insbesondere mit seiner Annahme instabiler Wahrnehmungsbedingungen, seiner morphologischen Auffassung der Form sowie seiner topologische Konzeption des Raums.
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