Blockchain based NFTs (non-fungible tokens) and smart contracts provide creative industries with exciting opportunities. While they have created a great deal of frenzy in markets, in the frenzy there ...emerges real value for the industries. Traditionally, creators in the creative industries often need to rely on powerful intermediaries to distribute and profit from their creations. NFT and smart contracts provide creators much closer access to content consumers/buyers. Along this line of thought, this article provides marketing researchers with an overview of the unfolding adoption of NFTs and smart contracts in creative industries. We start by pointing out the market frictions and consequent “transaction costs” that creators face traditionally when distributing their creative content to consumers/buyers. Then, we present the basic ideas of smart contracts and NFTs, discussing how they can transform the market by reducing these transaction costs. Meanwhile, we point out limitations and challenges that creators, buyers, and marketplaces might face in the adoption of NFTs and smart contracts. Finally, we raise an abundance of unexplored research questions interesting to both marketing researchers and practitioners.
In the field of e-healthcare, smart medical sensors are responsible for consistently collecting, transmitting, and communicating real-time data to support immediate decision-making, both within and ...between healthcare organizations. Privacy-preserving authentication is required, even when the sensors roam between different networks. Existing authentication protocols rely on centralized authentication servers and pose a number of challenges, including a single point of failure, performance bottlenecks, scalability challenges, and privacy concerns. Hence, a secure mutual authentication mechanism using Blockchain is essential in preventing attacks. In this paper, an Improved Chain Code Blockchain-based Key Agreement Authentication Mechanism (CCBKAAM) using the merits of SM9-based Secure Threshold Ring Signature (SM9-STRS) is proposed for achieving privacy and security. This proposed mechanism uses multiple key generation-based cipher identification algorithms for parameter maintenance. The integrated threshold ring signature prevents the limitations of the single key generation scheme. It uses Chain Codes over the Ethereum network for constructing the blocks during the process of mutual user authentication with trust equity score-based Improved PBFT Voting protocol for reaching consensus during authentication. This authentication protocol adopted blockchain for the objective of storing the identities and associated parameters to support the entities under communication during the process of authentication. The formal and informal verification of the proposed CCBKAAM confirmed its potentiality in resisting most of the possible attacks the IoMT is vulnerable to. The communication and computation overhead during the implementation are determined to be significantly lowered by 32.19% and 28.94%, better than the compared baseline blockchain-based mutual authentication. The performance analysis proved that this proposed CCBKAAM scheme is also potent in minimizing the storage overhead up to maximized level of 35.42%.
In this paper, we present subgraphs of Ethereum wallets involved in NFT trades of the top 15 ERC721 NFT collections. To obtain the subgraphs, we have extracted the Ethereum transaction graph from a ...live Ethereum node and filtered out exchanges, mining pools, and smart contracts. For each of the selected collections, we identified the set of accounts involved in NFT trading, which we used to perform a breadth-first search in the Ethereum transaction graph to obtain a subgraph. These subgraphs can offer insight into the linkability of accounts participating in NFT trading on the Ethereum blockchain.
A key aspect of Federated Learning (FL) is the requirement of a centralized aggregator to maintain and update the global model. However, in many cases orchestrating a centralized aggregator might be ...infeasible due to numerous operational constraints. In this paper, we introduce BAFFLE, an aggregator free, blockchain driven, FL environment that is inherently decentralized. BAFFLE leverages Smart Contracts (SC) to coordinate the round delineation, model aggregation and update tasks in FL. BAFFLE boosts computational performance by decomposing the global parameter space into distinct chunks followed by a score and bid strategy. In order to characterize the performance of BAFFLE, we conduct experiments on a private Ethereum network and use the centralized and aggregator driven methods as our benchmark. We show that BAFFLE significantly reduces the gas costs for FL on the blockchain as compared to a direct adaptation of the aggregator based method. Our results also show that BAFFLE achieves high scalability and computational efficiency while delivering similar accuracy as the benchmark methods.
E-Voting System Using Blockchain Technology R, Nagesh H; S, Guru Prasad M; G, Shivaraj B ...
2022 4th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N),
2022-Dec.-16
Conference Proceeding
In every nation, democratic elections are a momentous and weighty occurrence, and the voting system that is now in place requires the use of ballots or electronic voting machines (EVM). Transparency, ...poor turnout, vote manipulation, distrust of electoral organizations, fabrication of unique IDs (voting party IDs), and delays in posting results are some of the issues that arise as a result of these procedures. The matter of safety is of the utmost importance. When considering the installation of a computerized voting system, voter confidentiality has always been one of the most important concerns. There is no question regarding the system's capability to secure itself in contrast to prospective assaults and safeguard data in the face of such big choices. Utilization of blockchain technology is one approach that might be taken to resolve security concerns. The blockchain technology has an endless number of different uses that might be implemented. The technology known as blockchain is a distributed ledger that makes it possible for peer-to-peer networks all over the world to handle digital assets. In this context, distributed ledger technology represents an intriguing development. A grouping of all transactions is referred to as a block. Immutability, decentralisation, security, transparency, and anonymity are some of the outstanding properties offered by blockchain technology. The combination of blockchain technology with smart contracts has shown promise as a viable option for the development of trustworthy and open-source electronic voting systems. In this article, we demonstrate how to use blockchain technology with the help of a wallet and the Solidity programming language to build an electronic voting application. The programme was designed as a smart contract for the Ethereum network. In order to avoid having the same person vote twice, the user's wallet will only hold a certain number of tokens (gas), which will be depleted each time the user casts a vote. This article talks about the pros and cons of using blockchain technology. It also shows a practical solution in the form of a web app for voting and analyses its limits.
Student feedback data is typically stored on centralized servers and can potentially be linked to individual identities, leading to concerns about repercussions or bias in evaluations. This lack of ...anonymity can inhibit students from providing honest and candid feedback. Because of this reason, a secure anonymous platform is needed as it provides the students with an uninhibited channel to offer their feedback. To overcome this, an architecture incorporating Blockchain into a Student Feedback System is proposed to address traditional systems' anonymity and transparency issues. This paper proposes an implementation of a robust student feedback system that fosters a dynamic exchange of feedback and enhances interpersonal relationships and collaboration between students and teachers. This constructive feedback loop facilitates the improvement of faculty performance and facilitates a greater understanding of students' educational requirements, ultimately leading to enhanced academic outcomes.
In recent years we have seen many incidents of farmers committing suicide due to debt and low agricultural yields. In the context of escalating farmer suicides and agricultural challenges, ...particularly in densely populated countries like India, this study underscores the need for innovation to mitigate distressing issues. The reduction in arable land due to urbanization and industrialization has intensified the necessity for increased agricultural productivity. Yet, farmers grapple with obstacles including high bank interest rates for initial investments, market intermediaries affecting air pricing, and inadequate market trend analysis. Inefficient supply chains compound these woes, impacting crop quality. Correspondingly, consumers confront inflated prices and compromised quality due to middleman practices. In response to this complex landscape, the proposed framework envisions as a multi-faceted solution that integrates block chain technology in to the agricultural supply chain. The system allows farmers to list their crop plans and expected yields on a tamper-proof distributed ledger, fostering transparency and instilling consumer confidence. Consumers, armed with reliable data, can make well-informed decisions about their investments. Smart contracts play a pivotal role in this ecosystem. They automate agreements between farmers and consumers, ensuring that the terms are upheld without the need for intermediaries. This not only expedites transactions but also minimizes the potential for disputes.
Block chain Based Framework for Document Verification S, Mrs.Latha S; N, Mrs.Priya; Shettar, Mrs.Anusha
2022 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Signal Processing (AISP),
2022-Feb.-12
Conference Proceeding
Document Verification using Blockchain Technology has a huge scope. With increasing documents generated every year, there is no systematic and simple way to verify the documents. This system could be ...used to the governments, organizations, employers and basically anybody who wants to verify that the given document is not forged. This could be used to verify all kinds of immutable records ranging from attendance records, birth certificates, graduation and academic credentials. The proposed system could be used by the government to construct a decentralized network to store and maintain record. This is also the best way to ensure that the documents exist in the state of their creation, that they are not tampered with by anyone. Motivated by this, we propose to develop a decentralized blockchain system using Ethereum that will serve as an application to authenticate the documents. An application will be installed to local systems in which the users will verify the documents. These local systems also known as "Nodes" or "Blocks".Once the documents are added to blocks forming the blockchain, complex calculations are performed to find the unique hash for that particular document.This concept can be implemented through decentralized applications deployed on the blockchain. The blockchain that is intended to be used for the deployment process is the Ropsten Ethereum Network. Thus, the immutability of documents can be maintained, while providing a simple, yet secure way for authenticating/verifying documents.
A miner node in a blockchain network is important in validating and incorporating transactions into the blockchain ledger. The mining process demands a good amount of computational power, resulting ...in high energy consumption. Energy usage has notable environmental consequences, notably in the form of increased carbon emissions, which contribute to global warming and climate change. Existing research works evaluate the energy consumption of the entire blockchain network, encompassing factors like total network energy and the number of nodes. There is a requirement for research work specifically addressing miner nodes within local blockchain networks. In this paper, we present an approach to assess the energy consumption of miner nodes in local blockchain networks. Our analysis considers several key factors that influence energy utilization, including computational power (hashrate), power consumption, and electricity costs. To obtain precise data, we established a local blockchain network where we measured the hashrate and power consumption of the miner node. This empirical data helps us understand the exact amount of energy consumed during miner node activities. In our experiments, we used the Ethereum network to compute the energy consumption associated with various transaction types. Our proposed approach enhances the efficiency of blockchain applications. Also, it solves the environmental impact, contributing to the creation of a more sustainable and eco-friendly blockchain network.
A smart grid is an important application in Industry 4.0 with a lot of new technologies and equipment working together. Hence, sensitive data stored in the smart grid is vulnerable to malicious ...modification and theft. This paper proposes a framework to build a smart grid based on a highly effective private Ethereum network. Our framework provides a real smart grid that includes modern hardware and a smart contract to secure data in the blockchain network. To obtain high throughput but a low uncle rate, the difficulty calculation method used in the mining process of the Ethereum consensus mechanism is modified to adapt to the practical smart grid setup. The performance in terms of throughput and latency are evaluated by simulation and verified by the real smart grid setup. The enhanced private Ethereum-based smart grid has significantly better performance than the public one. Moreover, this framework can be applied to any system used to store data in the Ethereum network.
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