This is the first textbook to set Scots evidence law against a modern backdrop of legal and empirical research. It examines the non-legal dimensions of evidence and proof through the lens of legal ...philosophy, procedure, sociology, science and psychology to analyse the contexts that affect the handling of facts and the process of proof.
Statistical evidence is the subject of a heated and ongoing debate. Courts and legal scholars often view statistical evidence with suspicion, treating it as inadmissible even when it is ...probabilistically equivalent to individualized evidence. But attempts to vindicate the suspicion or to dismantle it altogether have been largely unsuccessful. The aim of this Article is to provide a comprehensive answer to the statistical evidence debate. The Article offers a novel explanation for the suspicion toward statistical evidence, pointing to the epistemic inferiority of statistical evidence due to its lack of "Sensitivity "— namely, the requirement that a belief be counterfactually sensitive to the truth as a necessary condition of "Knowledge." After exposing the epistemic distinctions between statistical and individualized evidence, the Article turns to examining their implications for the legal arena. It claims that while the epistemic story provides an explanation for the suspicion toward statistical evidence, it does not provide a justification for this suspicion, for Sensitivity (like epistemology more generally) is not significant in the legal arena. Instead, this Article proposes an incentive-based vindication of the reluctance to use statistical evidence in court and points to the interesting interaction between the epistemic and the incentive-based approaches. After laying down the theoretical foundation, this Article demonstrates its descriptive potential It demonstrates the proposed theory's capacity to explain the prevailing legal doctrine and the rules governing the admissibility and sufficiency of statistical evidence across various categories, including DNA evidence and propensity-forcrime evidence as well as incriminating versus exonerating statistical evidence. On the prescriptive front, the Article provides criteria for legal reform and suggests that the admissibility of statistical evidence should be contingent on the type of offense or misconduct alleged against the defendant.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the question regarding the admissibility of illicit means of evidence in civil proceedings based on the 2015 Code paradigm, seeking to identify to what extent ...the normative diploma changed the dynamics of such institute. The descriptiveexploratory method was adopted through bibliographic review on the fundamental character of the right to the proof; the classic and contemporary trends on the concept and admissibility of illicit evidence and the proper reasoning for decisions on the matter, further investigating the contribution of the weighting technique brought by art.489, section 2 of CPC / 2015 to its implementation. Keywords: Civil Procedure. Illegal means of evidence. Admissibility. Rationale. Consideration technique. O artigo tem por finalidade a analise da questao referente a admissibilidade dos meios de prova ilicitos no processo civil a partir do paradigma do Codigo de 2015, buscando identificar em que medida o diploma normativo alterou a dinamica de tal instituto. Adotou-se o metodo descritivo-exploratorio por meio de revisao bibliografica sobre o carater fundamental do direito a prova; as correntes classicas e contemporaneas sobre o conceito e admissibilidade da prova ilicita e a fundamentacao idonea das decisoes sobre a materia, investigando-se ademais a contribuicao da tecnica de ponderacao trazida pelo art.489, section 2 do CPC/2015 para sua concretizacao. Palavras-chave: Processo Civil; Prova ilicita; Admissibilidade; Fundamentacao; Ponderacao.
The treatment goal for patients with early-stage lung cancer is cure. Multidisciplinary discussions of surgical resectability and medical operability determine the modality of definitive local ...treatment (surgery or radiotherapy) and the associated systemic therapies to further improve the likelihood of cure. Trial evidence supports cisplatin-based adjuvant therapy either after surgical resection or concurrently with radiotherapy. Consensus guidelines support neoadjuvant chemotherapy in lieu of adjuvant chemotherapy and carboplatin-based regimens for patients who are ineligible for cisplatin. The incorporation of newer agents, now standard for patients with stage IV lung cancer, into the curative therapy paradigm has lagged owing to inefficient trial designs, the lengthy follow-up needed to assess survival end points and a developmental focus on the advanced-stage disease setting. Surrogate end points, such as pathological response, are being studied and might shorten trial durations. In 2018, the anti-PD-L1 antibody durvalumab was approved for patients with stage III lung cancer after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Since then, the study of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in patients with early-stage lung cancer has rapidly expanded. In this Review, we present the current considerations in the treatment of patients with early-stage lung cancer and explore the current and future state of clinical research to develop systemic therapies for non-metastatic lung cancer.
In discussions of standards of proof, a familiar perspective often emerges. According to what we call specificationism, standards of proof are legal rules that specify the quantum of evidence ...required to determine that a litigant's claim has been proven. In so doing, they allocate the risk of error among litigants (and potential litigants), minimizing the risk of certain types of error. Specificationism is meant as a description of the way the rules actually function. We argue, however, that its claims are either mistaken or at a minimum deeply misleading, especially when it comes to standard of proof rules (SPRs) that contain indeterminate formulas, as is typical. As against specificationism, we argue that SPRs are best understood as rules that confer competence to decide whether a given standard has been met-according to whatever vague or inchoate interpretation (if any) of the rule in question triers of fact implicitly or explicitly employ. We call this the competence-norm approach.
O presente artigo procura desenvolver uma análise descritiva e crítica sobre a situação do instituto da prova de direito estrangeiro e seu tratamento no art.376 CPC, procurando comprovar a hipótese ...de que a manutenção da redação do revogado art.337 CPC/73 causa uma estagnação na matéria não compatível com a dinâmica. Com este escopo, o estudo se divide na compreensão da natureza processual do Direito estrangeiro e o significado do termo “prova” quando associado àquele; e, posteriormente, analisa-se como essa natureza influenciou na fórmula legislativa que hoje ainda se manifesta no art.376 CPC, em especial, nas na estagnação da legislação brasileira sobre a matéria.
El presente trabajo propone, a través de una comparación entre el sistema jurídico argentino y español, evidenciar la insuficiencia de la indemnización como régimen de tutela de un trabajador ...despedido injustificadamente toda vez que esta; no solo no protege ni repara integralmente los daños causados; si no que además no se corresponde con el sistema de derecho internacional de los derechos humanos reconocido en las Constituciones Nacionales de ambos países. De acuerdo al objetivo propuesto, la metodología escogida será fundamentalmente analítica porque está dirigida a realizar un análisis jurídico de diferentes posturas doctrinarias y de legislación nacional e internacional del trabajo, las cuales constituirán nuestra principal fuente de información. Palabras clave: Despido injustificado; indemnización; Derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. The present paper propuse, through a comparison between the Argentine and Spanish legal system, evidence the inadequacy of the compensation provided by law, as a system of guardianship of unjustifiably dismissed worker since, this not only does not protect and fully repair the damages caused; otherwise, it does not correspond to the international rights law system. According with the aim proposed, the methodology choosen will be mostly analytical because is going to analyze different doctrine positions and national and international labour regulations, which be the main source of information. Keywords: Unjustified dismissal; compensation; International Law of human rights.
This is the first textbook to set Scots evidence law against a modern backdrop of legal and empirical research. It examines the non-legal dimensions of evidence and proof through the lens of legal ...philosophy, procedure, sociology, science and psychology to analyse the contexts that affect the handling of facts and the process of proof.
BRAKER is a suite of automatic pipelines, BRAKER1 and BRAKER2, for the accurate annotation of protein-coding genes in eukaryotic genomes. Each pipeline trains statistical models of protein-coding ...genes based on provided evidence and, then predicts protein-coding genes in genomic sequences using both the extrinsic evidence and statistical models. For training and prediction, BRAKER1 and BRAKER2 incorporate complementary extrinsic evidence: BRAKER1 uses only RNA-seq data while BRAKER2 uses only a database of cross-species proteins. The BRAKER suite has so far not been able to reliably exceed the accuracy of BRAKER1 and BRAKER2 when incorporating both types of evidence simultaneously. Currently, for a novel genome project where both RNA-seq and protein data are available, the best option is to run both pipelines independently, and to pick one, likely better output. Therefore, one or another type of the extrinsic evidence would remain unexploited. We present TSEBRA, a software that selects gene predictions (transcripts) from the sets generated by BRAKER1 and BRAKER2. TSEBRA uses a set of rules to compare scores of overlapping transcripts based on their support by RNA-seq and homologous protein evidence. We show in computational experiments on genomes of 11 species that TSEBRA achieves higher accuracy than either BRAKER1 or BRAKER2 running alone and that TSEBRA compares favorably with the combiner tool EVidenceModeler. TSEBRA is an easy-to-use and fast software tool. It can be used in concert with the BRAKER pipeline to generate a gene prediction set supported by both RNA-seq and homologous protein evidence.
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