The Law of Evidence has traditionally been perceived as a dry, highly technical, and mysterious subject. This book argues that problems of evidence in law are closely related to the handling of ...evidence in other kinds of practical decision-making and other academic disciplines, that it is closely related to common sense and that it is an interesting, lively and accessible subject. These essays develop a readable, coherent historical and theoretical perspective about problems of proof, evidence, and inferential reasoning in law. Although each essay is self-standing, they are woven together to present a sustained argument for a broad inter-disciplinary approach to evidence in litigation, in which the rules of evidence play a subordinate, though significant, role. This revised and enlarged edition includes a revised introduction, the best-known essays in the first edition, and chapters on narrative and argumentation, teaching evidence, and evidence as a multi-disciplinary subject.
From confessions and character evidence to judicial admissions and conducting a trial, Evidence Essentials will guide you through the law of evidence in Scotland - the ideal text for new students and ...for that all-important exam revision. Now in its third edition, you can be sure that the book is totally up-to-date. Summary sections of Essential Facts and Essential Cases will help you to identify, understand and remember the key elements.
Background
As an evidence resource for the currently planned European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) clinical practice guideline “systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD),” we ...critically appraised evidence on systemic treatments for moderate‐to‐severe AD.
Methods
We systematically identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the safety and efficacy of systemic treatments for AD up to February 2020. Primary efficacy outcomes were clinical signs, AD symptoms and health‐related quality of life. Primary safety outcomes included cumulative incidence rates for (serious) adverse events. Trial quality was assessed applying the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. Meta‐analyses were conducted where appropriate.
Results
50 RCTs totalling 6681 patients were included. Trial evidence was identified for apremilast, azathioprine (AZA), baricitinib, ciclosporin A (CSA), corticosteroids, dupilumab, interferon‐gamma, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), mepolizumab, methotrexate (MTX), omalizumab, upadacitinib and ustekinumab. Meta‐analyses were indicated for the efficacy of baricitinib EASI75 RD 0.16, 95% CI (0.10;0.23) and dupilumab EASI75, RD 0.37, 95% CI (0.32;0.42) indicating short‐term (ie 16‐week treatment) superiority over placebo. Furthermore, efficacy analyses of AZA and CSA indicated short‐term superiority over placebo; however, nonvalidated scores were used and can therefore not be compared to EASI.
Conclusion
The most robust, replicated high‐quality trial evidence is present for the efficacy and safety of dupilumab for up to 1 year in adults. Robust trial evidence was further revealed for AZA, baricitinib and CSA. Methodological restrictions led to limited evidence‐based conclusions for all other systemic treatments. Head‐to‐head trials with novel systemic treatments are required to clarify the future role of conventional therapies.
Hospitalisation is often harmful for people with dementia and results in high societal costs, so avoidance of unnecessary admissions is a global priority. However, no intervention has yet reduced ...admissions of community-dwelling people with dementia. We therefore aimed to examine hospitalisation rates of people with dementia and whether these differ from people without dementia and to identify socio-demographic and clinical predictors of hospitalisation.
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO from inception to 9 May 2019. We included observational studies which (1) examined community-dwelling people with dementia of any age or dementia subtype, (2) diagnosed dementia using validated diagnostic criteria, and (3) examined all-cause general (i.e. non-psychiatric) hospital admissions. Two authors screened abstracts for inclusion and independently extracted data and assessed included studies for risk of bias. Three authors graded evidence strength using Cochrane's GRADE approach, including assessing for evidence of publication bias using Begg's test. We used random effects meta-analysis to pool estimates for hospitalisation risk in people with and without dementia.
We included 34 studies of 277,432 people with dementia: 17 from the USA, 15 from Europe, and 2 from Asia. The pooled relative risk of hospitalisation for people with dementia compared to those without was 1.42 (95% confidence interval 1.21, 1.66) in studies adjusted for age, sex, and physical comorbidity. Hospitalisation rates in people with dementia were between 0.37 and 1.26/person-year in high-quality studies. There was strong evidence that admission is associated with older age, and moderately strong evidence that multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and lower functional ability are associated with admission. There was strong evidence that dementia severity alone is not associated.
People with dementia are more frequently admitted to hospital than those without dementia, independent of physical comorbidities. Future interventions to reduce unnecessary hospitalisations should target potentially modifiable factors, such as polypharmacy and functional ability, in high-risk populations.
Background Musculoskeletal pain is a major contributor to short and long term work absence. Patients seek care from their general practitioner (GP) and yet GPs often feel ill-equipped to deal with ...work issues. Providing a vocational case management service in primary care, to support patients with musculoskeletal problems to remain at or return to work, is one potential solution but requires robust evaluation to test clinical and cost-effectiveness. Methods/Design This protocol describes a cluster randomised controlled trial, with linked qualitative interviews, to investigate the effect of introducing a vocational advice service into general practice, to provide a structured approach to managing work related issues in primary care patients with musculoskeletal pain who are absent from work or struggling to remain in work. General practices (n = 6) will be randomised to offer best current care or best current care plus a vocational advice service. Adults of working age who are absent from or struggling to remain in work due to a musculoskeletal pain problem will be invited to participate and 330 participants will be recruited. Data collection will be through patient completed questionnaires at baseline, 4 and 12 months. The primary outcome is self-reported work absence at 4 months. Incremental cost-utility analysis will be undertaken to calculate the cost per additional QALY gained and incremental net benefits. A linked interview study will explore the experiences of the vocational advice service from the perspectives of GPs, nurse practitioners (NPs), patients and vocational advisors. Discussion This paper presents the rationale, design, and methods of the Study of Work And Pain (SWAP) trial. The results of this trial will provide evidence to inform primary care practice and guide the development of services to provide support for musculoskeletal pain patients with work-related issues. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN52269669. Keywords: Cluster randomised trial, Musculoskeletal pain, Primary care, Vocational advice, Case management, Work
Objetivo. Analizar las transformaciones generadas por la Ley 1448 de 2011 conocida como “ley de víctimas y restitución de tierras” a ciertas estructuras tradicionales del derecho civil y a la ...dinámica probatoria de la propiedad, posesión y ocupación del opositor en el proceso especial de restitución, así como aspectos del impacto social que podrían derivarse de la aplicación del modelo de restitución de tierras a las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia. Metodología. Este trabajo de investigación utilizó el método analítico descriptivo, partiendo del examen general de los conceptos de propiedad y posesión para analizarlo posteriormente frente a las transformaciones del nuevo derecho y las propuestas de la Ley 1448 de 2011. Resultados y conclusiones. Lo anterior con el fin de establecer las implicaciones, consecuencias, ventajas o desventajas de la puesta en marcha del trámite especial de restitución de tierras a las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia.
Drawing on stakeholder and organizational learning theories, this study investigates when and how diverse types of formal mechanisms with varying levels of adaptation and integration properties for ...bonding stakeholders, including legal bonds and operational linkages, affect a firm's vertical stakeholder collaborations in new product development (NPD). It also explores how vertical stakeholder collaborations in NPD affect a firm's innovativeness and its eventual performance outcomes under technological turbulence. The study contributes to the stakeholder literature by focusing on diverse types of formal mechanisms rather than a single type of formal mechanism for bonding stakeholders. Survey data of 146 firms in Turkey evidence that while legal bonds decrease the likelihood of establishing vertical stakeholder collaborations during technological turbulence, such collaborations enhance firm innovativeness for focal firms holding operational linkages. Moreover, vertical stakeholder collaborations improve firm innovativeness under technological turbulence and enhance firm performance through new product performance.
When litigation outside the US needs discovery inside the US, US judges provide assistance to their foreign counterparts. 28 U.S.C. section 1782 was designed to provide the statutory mechanism for ...this form of judicial assistance. But a recent empirical study has shown that, nowadays, a majority of requests for discovery assistance under 28 U.S.C. section 1782 come from private parties rather than from tribunals. And the proportion of private-party section 1782 requests has been growing in recent years. Drawing on the history of judicial assistance in general and section 1782 in particular, this note argues that there are two problems when US judges assist private parties abroad. One, doing so is inconsistent with the historical understanding of the judicial power vested in the federal judiciary. Two, this assistance is inconsistent with Congress's intent in legislating section 1782. To avoid these problems, this note proposes that US judges adopt the presumptive requirement that the foreign tribunal must consent to the private-party request for judicial assistance.
The High Court decision in Pell v The Queen continues to be the subject of extensive academic controversy. In a pair of important articles, evidence and criminal law scholar Andrew Hemming has ...defended the Court's decision. This rejoinder critiques Hemming's defence (and, by extension, the High Court's decision) on three grounds. First, because the decision conflates unchallenged testimony with honest and reliable testimony. Second, because it relies on ad hoc probabilistic determinations of discrete and unreplicable historical events. Third, because it fails to answer a key epistemological question: how could the High Court know more about what really did or did not happen in that sacristy than the jury?
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