•Twelve NADES based on choline chloride with 20% of water were investigated.•Physicochemical properties are associated with the type of hydrogen bond donor.•FT-IR spectra confirmed the formation of ...H-bonds between components.•Thermal decomposition of NADES started with the loss of added water.•The stability of dehydrated systems is between the stability of their constituents.
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) represent a class of novel mixtures formed between two or more compounds acting as hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and acceptors (HBA). These solvents are regarded as green, sustainable, and harmless, so they overcome the toxic nature of organic solvents and have plenty of applications in different scientific and industrial areas. In the presented study, the basic physicochemical properties of twelve deep eutectic solvents composed of choline chloride (HBA) and different HBDs (sugars, alcohols, urea, and organic acids) with 20% (w/w) of initially added water were investigated. The obtained data suggested that NADES properties: pH, conductivity, polarity, and density were associated with the structure of HBD presented in the solvents. FT-IR results confirmed that H-bonds, occurring between two components in NADES, were the main force leading to the eutectic formation. Thermal analysis showed that dehydration, which started at room temperature, was the first step in the thermal decomposition of the DES containing 20% of water. The thermal stability of dehydrated systems was between the stabilities of their components and depended on the HBD structure. Our study confirmed different physicochemical features of DES, which are related to the type of HBDs, so they can be considered as tailor-made solvents, which properties may be easily adjusted to the multitude of applications.
The oxidative stress mechanism in the body involves the balance between increased ROS and decreased antioxidant agents. ROS can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to pathology and impaired ...insulin secretion by dysregulation of several genes expression. High concentrations of ROS are often followed by a low activity of antioxidants from endogenous sources. As a result, exogenous antioxidants are required to neutralize ROS. As reported, medicinal plants, which have had various traditional applications, contain large amounts of secondary metabolites, proven to be exogenous antioxidant agents. Jamu, a traditional medicine, also known as an alternative medication, can be widely and easily found in traditional markets. Antidiabetic herbal products are among the most popular of jamu. Antidiabetic mechanism has a strong relationship with antioxidant roles in many biological systems. The aim of this research was to figure out the potential antioxidant activity of antidiabetic herbal products. Eight antidiabetic jamu samples were analyzed for their antioxidant activity by measuring the DPPH radical scavenging activity, phosphomolybdenum antioxidant activity, and FRAP, as well as for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Good linearity was a general finding for the quantitative analysis, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.999 for the standards. The highest total flavonoid content found was 8.66 ± 0.11 mgQE/g, and the highest total phenolic content was 22.66 ± 0.15 mgGAE/g. With regard to antioxidant activity, all of the samples demonstrated weak DPPH radical scavenging activity, while phosphomolybdenum antioxidant activity and FRAP were the highest at 48.58 ± 0.45 mgQE/g extract and 226.98 ± 0.19 mgQE/g extract, respectively. These results indicated that the claimed antidiabetic herbal products could be prepared as exogenous antioxidant sources, irrespective of being with or without antioxidant activity, for diabetes treatment.
In this study, the SNPAC method was developed by using hypochlorous (ClO−) at pH 9.3. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as a stabilizer. The existence of HOCl enables to formation stronger and more ...stable yellow emission which gives sensitivity. As a result, lower LOD and LOQ values were achieved by the AgNP–HOCl method. The obtaining lower values was attributed to the reoxidation of silver atoms with ClO− ions in the presence of PVP. The newly modified method was applied to the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measurement of Boswellia Serrata, Aronia Melanocarpa tea, and juice. The results were compared with the results obtained by application of CUPRAC (Cupric ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assays. The TAC values of Boswellia Serrata, Aronia Melanocarpa tea, and juice were found as 6.18, 137.98, and 12.08 mmol TEAC/kg, respectively.
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•The study optimized the AgNP–HOCl assay with varying HOCl concentrations and time intervals.•PH adjustment experiments showed maximum absorbance for samples with pH 9.3.•Citrate reduction method combined with PVP was effective in synthesizing well-dispersed AgNP–HOCl.•Lower LOD and LOQ values were achieved by AgNP–HOCl method.•Cost-effective and easily applicable assay would be practiced in analysis of food matrices.
Peganum harmala L. is well known as a traditional therapy in Morocco. The objective of this study was to determine the mineral composition for the first time, the chemical profile and the antioxidant ...and antibacterial activities of Peganum harmala L. seeds. The aqueous extracts were prepared by three modalities: decoction, infusion and maceration, while the organic extracts methanolic, ethyl acetate, chloroformic and petroleum ether were obtained by Soxhlet, and the methanolic macerated extract by cold maceration. Phytochemical screening was conducted on both the seed powder and the extracts prepared from it. Similarly, the content of phenolic and flavonoid products was determined. In addition, antioxidant activity was evaluated by five different methods: H2O2, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and PR. The correlation between chemical composition and antioxidant activity was evaluated using PCA. Finally, the antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion method, minimal inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of the organic extracts were evaluated against six gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The results obtained showed that the seeds of Peganum harmala L. are characterized by a particularly high content of potassium (111.6200 mg/l) and iron (64.4080 mg/l). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. The methanolic macerated extract is the richest in polyphenol (94.37 ± 0.62 µg GAE/mg E) and the ethyl acetate extract in flavonoids (366.13 ± 1.88 µg QE/mg E). Petroleum ether and aqueous infusion extracts have the strongest percentages of H2O2 inhibition (21.02±1.13% and 21.02±1.07%) which is greater than that of ascorbic acid (14.35±0.002%) with a significant difference. Ethyl acetate extract showed the best activity by the DPPH (IC50= 146.20±13.41 µg/ml) and ABTS (49.84±1.15 µg TE/mg E) tests, methanolic macerate by the FRAP test (68.04±1.52 µg TE/mg E) and the methanolic extract by the reducing power test (61.77±1.41 µg AAE/mg E). The antioxidant activity determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and PR showed a positive correlation between the 4 tests, and with the content of polyphenols and flavonoids with the exception of the activity measured by H2O2, where the correlation is negative. The study of the antibacterial effect showed that the four organic extracts: methanolic, methanolic macerate, ethyl acetate and chloroform have an inhibitory effect on six microorganisms with inhibition zones that vary between 8 ± 0.00 and 23.7 ± 2.60 mm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most sensitive strain with an inhibition zone diameter of 23.7 ± 2.60 mm with the methanolic macerate extract, while the petroleum ether extract showed no effect. In addition, the MICs obtained range from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/ml and the MBCs vary from 1.56 for Proteus mirabilis with ethyl acetate extract to 100 mg/ml. In conclusion, polar organic extracts of Peganum harmala L. are a promising source of antioxidants and antibacterial agents and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the four methods ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and PR are correlated with each other and that the antioxidant capacity of the extracts is related to their content of total polyphenols and flavonoids. This activity can also be related to the mineral composition of the plant, such as copper, manganese, zinc, which are considered an important class of antioxidants.
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•The mineral composition of the seeds of Peganum harmala L. determined for the first time showed its richness in potassium and iron.•The qualitative chemical analysis of the powder and the aqueous and organic extracts revealed the richness of the plant in alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins.•PCA analysis showed a positive correlation between the antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and PR assays and the polyphenol and flavonoid content of P. harmala.•Organic extracts from the seeds of Peganum harmala L. have an antibacterial effect against six pathogenic microorganisms.•Polar organic extracts of Peganum harmala L. are a promising source of antioxidants and antibacterial agents.
•Twenty-four accessions of Damask rose has been studied.•Based on essential oil HCA and PCA were classified accessions into seven chemotypes.•Two chemotypes of geraniol with 55 and 49% have been ...introduced.•Damask rose petals had a high content of total phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity.•IC50 of methanolic extracts from DPPH of petals samples was lower than ascorbic acid.
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In the present study, the percentage, and compositions of essential oil, total phenol, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and antioxidant capacity of 24 accessions of cultivated Damask rose have been investigated. These accessions had a 0.010–0.055 (v/w) percentage of essential oil. GC/MS analysis revealed forty-nine constituents that formed more than 90% of detected compounds. Geraniol, citral, methyl linoleate, n-heneicosane, and n-octane were the major components of essential oils. Acc.1 had the highest total phenol (165 mg Gallic acid/g DW) and flavonoid content (81 mg Quercetin/g DW). Total anthocyanin ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 (mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g DW). Carotenoid content ranged from 0.002 to 0.055 mg/g DW, the highest being observed in Acc.18. Based on cluster analysis and, the accessions were categorized into seven groups. The antioxidant activities of the samples were determined using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. All the accessions (4–12 µg/ml) had lower IC50 than ascorbic acid (18 µg/ml). In FRAP assay, they had high antioxidant activity in a range of 10–25 µmol Fe+2/g DW. Based on the high and valuable source of bioactive compounds of Damask rose the elite accessions can be recommended for boosting cultivation and food applications.
The present study reports the phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnONPs using methanol extracts and n-Butanol fractions from the roots and leaves of C. oppositifolia. The synthesized nanoparticles were ...characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and XPS techniques to determine their crystallite structure, elemental composition, surface topography, and physio-chemical properties. Furthermore, the biological potential of ZnONPs was evaluated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and in vitro cytotoxic potential on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. Notably, LEME-ZnONPs exhibited exceptional antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 30.200 μg/mL in the DPPH assay. The antimicrobial efficacy was also remarkable, displaying high maximum activity against bacterial strains, evidenced by zones of inhibition (ZOI) measuring 15.67 ± 0.58 mm (E. coli) and 14.67 ± 0.58 mm (S. aureus) for RTME-ZnONPs, attributable to their small crystallite size. Similarly, against antifungal strains, LEBF-ZnONPs (60.94 ± 0.83 %) and RTBF-ZnONPs (60.85 ± 0.74 %) exhibited potency to inhibit both F. oxysporum and R. necatrix due to their small particle size. Furthermore, LEBF-ZnONPs demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory properties, registering an impressive 98.681 %, outperforming Diclofenac sodium (96.835 %). Importantly, the phyto-mediated ZnONPs exhibited minimal cytotoxicity on SH-SY5Y cell lines at 62.5 μg/mL, a concentration employed as an experimental model to assess neuronal function. The multifaceted applications of phyto-mediated ZnONPs extend across various fields, including pharmaceutical sciences, agriculture, and the treatment of neurological diseases.
This graphical abstract indicates the diverse biological potential of phyto-mediated ZnO NPs, from antioxidant competence to antimicrobial successes, and the perfect synergy of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. Display omitted
•ZnONPs exhibit outstanding antioxidant properties attributed to the incorporation of bioactive phytocompounds on their surface.•Phyto-mediated ZnO NPs demonstrate significant potential against E. coli (15.67 ± 0.58 mm) and F. oxysporum (60.94 ± 0.83 %), ascribed to their lower crystallite size.•Concentrations below 62.5 μg/mL of ZnONPs shows potential against neurological disorders such as epilepsy.
•Schiff base compounds have been synthesized based on salicylaldehyde derivative.•The chemical structures have been investigated using EA, IR, UV–Vis., SEM-EDX, MS.•The Schiff base ligand was ...characterized by X-ray crystallography.•The electronic properties were quantified by density functional theory (DFT).•The theoretical and experimental antioxidant activities were studied.
By condensation reaction in methanolic medium, a novel ligand using methoxy substituted amine and 5-bromosalicylaldehydic was synthesized. Then, its Cu- and Ni- complexes were also prepared under same experimental conditions. The final desired compounds, with high obtained yields, have been characterized and well discussed by EA-CHN, UV–Vis., FT-IR, NMR, SEM-EDX and MS spectrometry. The structure of the ligand was confirmed by X-ray crystallography showing an interesting intramolecular hydrogen bond and also intermolecular interactions (Br…CArom. and CH/π-type). The electronic properties were quantified by density functional theory (DFT) calculations using DFT- B3LYP/6-31 G (d,p) level basis set. The molecular structures, geometrical parameters, chemical reactivity, stability, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and Mulliken atomic charges were computed to identify the chemical reactive sites on the molecular surface. The antioxidant activities were studied theoretically involving various parameters such as bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), ionization potentials (IPs), proton affinities (PA), proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE), electron transfer enthalpy (ETE) and radical stabilization energy (RSE). Experimentally, the antioxidant activities were also studied by using 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and nitric oxide scavenging (SNP) methods. The computational study of antioxidant activity is well correlated with their experimental results.
•A novel series of hydrazide-hydrazones derivatives (1–12) were synthesized and characterizations.•The antioxidant and AChE inhibition potentials of the targeted compounds were examined.•Compound 3 ...exhibit best antioxidant activity according to DPPH and FRAP methods.•Compound 5 exhibit best inhibitory effect against AChE.
The design and synthesis of hydrazone derivatives are increasing in popularity day by day due to the significant biological activities of this scaffold. In the present study, twelve novel isonicotinic hydrazide-hydrazone analogues were synthesized by the condensation reaction of isonicotinic hydrazide with benzaldehyde possessing sulfonate moiety. The structures of the novel compounds have been characterized in detail using spectroscopic techniques. All compounds have shown inhibitory effects against the AChE enzyme at rates ranging from 21.00 to 59.48%. Among them, compound 5 has exhibited the best inhibitory effect of 59.48% against AChE at a concentration of 0.1 mM. Furthermore, to determine how effective the novel compounds are as antioxidants, FRAP and DPPH studies were also carried out. FRAP values in compounds 1–12 were found to range from 26.989–3415.556 µmol FeSO4.7H2O/mg. They also displayed moderate antioxidant potential in the range of SC50=0.03–87.32 mg/mL compared with the control Trolox (SC50 =0.004) in DPPH radical scavenging activities. It was seen that the AChE inhibition percentages of the compounds were in the range of 23.04–58.10% at 0.1 mM concentration. This is the first research on the synthesis, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties of these compounds.
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a biological phenomenon wherein a metastable and concentrated droplet phase of biomolecules spontaneously forms. A link may exist between LLPS of proteins and ...the disease-related process of amyloid fibril formation; however, this connection is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the relationship between LLPS and aggregation of the C-terminal domain of TAR DNA-binding protein 43, an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis–related protein known to both phase separate and form amyloids, by monitoring conformational changes during droplet aging using Raman spectroscopy. We found that the earliest aggregation events occurred within droplets as indicated by the development of β-sheet structure and increased thioflavin-T emission. Interestingly, filamentous aggregates appeared outside the solidified droplets at a later time, suggestive that amyloid formation is a heterogeneous process under LLPS solution conditions. Furthermore, the secondary structure content of aggregated structures inside droplets is distinct from that in de novo fibrils, implying that fibril polymorphism develops as a result of different environments (LLPS versus bulk solution), which may have pathological significance.
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