China indeed has made great efforts to maintain environmental quality. However, it should be noted that climate challenges normally emerge when certain nations heavily depend on non-renewable ...resources to meet energy demands. It is quite difficult to reduce the dependency because such economies are ranked as a major importer of fossil fuel resources. This means, pollution and emission rates in subsequent economies are increasing with the passage of time. The spontaneous fintech growth and financial inclusion, natural resource volatility and increasing economic activities in China have triggered vicious climate challenges. Therefore, the study intends to explore the relationship between fintech, financial inclusion, green finance, natural resource rent and environmental quality in China over the time period of 1998–2022. Using ARDL technique, it was found that fintech, financial inclusion and green finance enhance environmental quality, whereas natural resource rents are responsible of degrading environmental quality. Therefore, Chinese authorities should use resources related to green finance to facilitate fintech industry. Besides, blending fintech solutions such as NFTs and cryptocurrencies with traditional financing for environmental sustainability, there is also a need to establish standard laws and procedrues for these products.
•Fintech, financial inclusion, and green finance enhance environmental quality•Natural resource rents contribute significantly to the degradation of environmental quality•Green finance promotes sustainable development and resolve climate change issues,
Abstract The impacts of the economic matrix, particularly the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), within the cadre performance target system (CPTS) on the trade‐offs between local environment and economy ...have been extensively researched. However, few studies have adequately considered the transition from a single‐target to a multi‐target system and the effects of dynamic changes in this system. This study addresses this gap by assessing the causal effects of China's historic adjustment of GDP‐centric CPTS on local environmental quality. By introducing a dynamic analytical framework of CPTS and employing a time‐varying Difference‐in‐Differences (DiD) design with county‐level data from 2009 to 2018, this study reveals two key findings: (1) Counties that shifted away from a GDP‐centric performance target system experienced a significant average reduction in PM 2.5 pollution levels by 6.6%, highlighting the environmental benefits of moving beyond GDP‐focused CPTS; (2) The observed environmental improvements are driven by two mechanisms—correcting land misallocation and optimizing industrial structure. This study advances previous static and single‐goal analyses by introducing a dynamic, multi‐target perspective to cadre performance target‐setting.
Accelerated globalisation has substantially contributed to the rise of emerging markets worldwide. The G7 and Emerging Markets Seven (EM7) behaved in significantly different macroeconomic ways ...before, during, and after the 2008 Global Crisis. Average real GDP growth rates remained substantially higher among the EM7, while unemployment rates changed their patterns after the crisis. Since 2017, however, approximately one half of the worldwide economic growth is attributable to the EM7, and only a quarter to the G7. This paper aims to analyse the association between the health spending and real GDP growth in the G7 and the EM7 countries.
In terms of GDP growth, the EM7 exhibited a higher degree of resilience during the 2008 crisis, compared to the G7. Unemployment in the G7 nations was rising significantly, compared to pre-recession levels, but, in the EM7, it remained traditionally high. In the G7, the austerity (measured as a percentage of GDP) significantly decreased the public health expenditure, even more so than in the EM7. Out-of-pocket health expenditure grew at a far more concerning pace in the EM7 compared to the G7 during the crisis, exposing the vulnerability of households living close to the poverty line. Regression analysis demonstrated that, in the G7, real GDP growth had a positive impact on out-of-pocket expenditure, measured as a percentage of current health expenditure, expressed as a percentage of GDP (CHE). In the EM7, it negatively affected CHE, CHE per capita, and out-of-pocket expenditure per capita.
The EM7 countries demonstrated stronger endurance, withstanding the consequences of the crisis as compared to the G7 economies. Evidence of this was most visible in real growth and unemployment rates, before, during and after the crisis. It influenced health spending patterns in both groups, although they tended to diverge instead of converge in several important areas.
This paper is a preliminary attempt to use both the value added approach with double deflation and the expenditure approach to deflate China's nominal GDP over 15 years (2004–2018). The results show ...that China's real GDP growth during the period has significantly more fluctuations than the official statistics indicate. Additionally, inflation, as measured by the official implicit GDP deflator, is generally overestimated during boom years but underestimated during downturn years. In particular, it is shown that China's growth slowdown in recent years before the COVID-19 pandemic may have been more severe than official figures suggest.
•The paper uses the double deflation approach and the expenditure approach to deflate China's nominal GDP over 2004–2018.•We find that China's real GDP growth during the period has significantly more fluctuations than official statistics indicate.•Inflation is generally overestimated during boom years but underestimated during downturn years.•In particular, China's growth slowdown in recent years may have been more severe than official figures suggest.
•N-glycosylation deficient mutants were more susceptible against Pst DC3000 than wild type plants.•COS induces resistance to Pst DC3000 in N-glycosylation deficient mutants.•COS regulates ...N-glycosylation via a non-canonical pattern compared with Pst DC3000.
Roles of protein N-glycosylation in chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) induced resistance were investigated in the present study. Results demonstrated that N-glycosylation deficient Arabidopsis mutants (stt3a and ManI) were more susceptible against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) than wild type (WT) plants. Surprisingly, in stt3a and ManI, COS-induced resistance to Pst DC3000 was mostly intact, and the up-regulation effect on SA- and JA-mediated signalling pathways also similar like WT. Nucleotide sugars accumulation and N-glycosylation related genes expression were differently regulated after COS treatment. Global glycomics analysis quantified 157 N-glycan isomers, and 56.7, 50.3 and 47.1 % of them were significantly changed in COS, mock + Pst, and COS + Pst treated plants, respectively. Moreover, COS pretreatment could reverse the effect of Pst DC3000 on many N-glycans, suggesting that COS regulates protein N-glycosylation via a non-canonical pattern compared with plant defense, which may contribute to its obvious disease control effect when N-glycosylation impairment occurs.
•We reviewed 179 articles on decoupling published between 1990–2019.•The papers present evidence of absolute impact decoupling, mainly between CO2 and GDP.•No evidence of economy-wide, ...national/international absolute resource decoupling.•No evidence of the kind of decoupling needed for ecological sustainability.•In the absence of robust evidence, the goal of decoupling rests partly on faith.
The idea of decoupling “environmental bads” from “economic goods” has been proposed as a path towards sustainability by organizations such as the OECD and UN. Scientific consensus reports on environmental impacts (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions) and resource use give an indication of the kind of decoupling needed for ecological sustainability: global, absolute, fast-enough and long-enough. This goal gives grounds for a categorisation of the different kinds of decoupling, with regard to their relevance. We conducted a survey of recent (1990–2019) research on decoupling on Web of Science and reviewed the results in the research according to the categorisation. The reviewed 179 articles contain evidence of absolute impact decoupling, especially between CO2 (and SOX) emissions and evidence on geographically limited (national level) cases of absolute decoupling of land and blue water use from GDP, but not of economy-wide resource decoupling, neither on national nor international scales. Evidence of the needed absolute global fast-enough decoupling is missing.
The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between international tourism revenues, inflation rates and economic growth of Morocco and South Africa between. The Multiple Linear Regression ...Model was used to measure whether there is a significant relationship between dependent and independent variables and how the variables affect economic growth. The data used in the analysis were obtained from the World Bank and include annual data. During the analysis process, a series of assumption tests were made to reveal the significance of the model. The model was established by taking the logarithm of the dependent variable. The VIF test was used to measure that the independent variables were not related to each other, the Breusch-Godfrey LM test was applied to examine whether there was autocorrelation between the error terms, and the Shapiro-Wilk W test, which was another assumption, was applied to measure the normal distribution of the error terms. As a result of the latest multiple linear regression analysis, it was determined that there was a significant relationship between the variables of both countries. In both countries, the increase in international tourism revenues affects economic growth positively, but the increase in inflation affects economic growth negatively.
Originality/value: The BRICS bloc is one of the most important international economic blocs that plays an important role in the global economy, so most of them are moving towards obtaining an ...economic position that is commensurate with their natural capabilities and capabilities. Russia, India, China and South Africa, represent the emerging economies of the world, and these countries aim to overcome the hegemony of the US currency as a global reserve, and the BRICS group constitutes more than a quarter of global GDP and more than 16% of global trade and about 30% of the land area and 44% of the world's population and more than 40% of the world's energy production.
Purpose: The study is aimed at knowing the formation of the BRICS bloc as an emerging economic force within its economic dimensions, showing the international economic system of the BRICS countries and their ability to confront international economic institutions, and analyzing the economic indicators of each member country to know the economic size of each country.
Theoretical framework: the study has relied on the deductive approach starting from real constants in collecting data and facts, as well as adopting the descriptive analytical method in studying the international economic system and the economic components of the BRICS countries within its economic dimensions.
Design/methodology/approach: it is proved that the BRICS contingent reserve arrangements to protect against global liquidity pressures, which include currency issues, have affected the members’ national currencies negatively due to global financial pressures. The economy is unstable and needs these potential reserves.
The problem of the study emerges from certain questions including how strong the international economic system for the BRICS countries is and whether these countries were able to overcome global economic crises within their economic dimensions.
Research, Practical & Social implications: The study hypothesized that the BRICS countries have tremendous economic power as a result of building their international financial system, which they established, which enabled them to overcome the global financial crisis, unlike most countries in the world that were under the brunt of this crisis, and this is a clear indication of the success of this bloc and prove its hypothesis. In connection with the value of the study, it reflects that the BRICS countries occupy an important position in the international economy as a rising economic power through their economic nature and strategic position, in addition to the great economic capabilities that these countries possess, and this was an invitation to establish this bloc, which is a successful economic step in the face of international economic financial institutions.
Finding: The most prominent findings of the research are that the presence of China in this bloc added a powerful and insignificant force to it as a result of its economic strength, which is the second largest economy in the world, and the economic strength of the BRICS bloc has led to increased economic development and the formation of a strong economic union that faces all the challenges that the bloc is exposed to.
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