•N-glycosylation deficient mutants were more susceptible against Pst DC3000 than wild type plants.•COS induces resistance to Pst DC3000 in N-glycosylation deficient mutants.•COS regulates ...N-glycosylation via a non-canonical pattern compared with Pst DC3000.
Roles of protein N-glycosylation in chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) induced resistance were investigated in the present study. Results demonstrated that N-glycosylation deficient Arabidopsis mutants (stt3a and ManI) were more susceptible against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) than wild type (WT) plants. Surprisingly, in stt3a and ManI, COS-induced resistance to Pst DC3000 was mostly intact, and the up-regulation effect on SA- and JA-mediated signalling pathways also similar like WT. Nucleotide sugars accumulation and N-glycosylation related genes expression were differently regulated after COS treatment. Global glycomics analysis quantified 157 N-glycan isomers, and 56.7, 50.3 and 47.1 % of them were significantly changed in COS, mock + Pst, and COS + Pst treated plants, respectively. Moreover, COS pretreatment could reverse the effect of Pst DC3000 on many N-glycans, suggesting that COS regulates protein N-glycosylation via a non-canonical pattern compared with plant defense, which may contribute to its obvious disease control effect when N-glycosylation impairment occurs.
This paper evaluates the impact of major natural resource discoveries since 1950 on GDP per capita. Using panel fixed-effects estimation and resource discoveries in countries that were not previously ...resource-rich as a plausibly exogenous source of variation, I find a positive effect on GDP per capita levels following resource exploitation that persists in the long term. Results vary significantly between OECD and non-OECD treatment countries, with effects concentrated within the non-OECD group. I further test GDP effects with synthetic control analysis on each individual treated country, yielding results consistent with the average effects found with the fixed-effects model.
•Effect of resources on GDP/capita are estimated using quasi-experimental methods.•Major resource discoveries caused positive short and long-run effects on GDP/ capita.•Effects are limited to developing countries, with no impact on developed countries.•Mixed evidence of positive effects on productivity, capital, labor and schooling.
•We reviewed 179 articles on decoupling published between 1990–2019.•The papers present evidence of absolute impact decoupling, mainly between CO2 and GDP.•No evidence of economy-wide, ...national/international absolute resource decoupling.•No evidence of the kind of decoupling needed for ecological sustainability.•In the absence of robust evidence, the goal of decoupling rests partly on faith.
The idea of decoupling “environmental bads” from “economic goods” has been proposed as a path towards sustainability by organizations such as the OECD and UN. Scientific consensus reports on environmental impacts (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions) and resource use give an indication of the kind of decoupling needed for ecological sustainability: global, absolute, fast-enough and long-enough. This goal gives grounds for a categorisation of the different kinds of decoupling, with regard to their relevance. We conducted a survey of recent (1990–2019) research on decoupling on Web of Science and reviewed the results in the research according to the categorisation. The reviewed 179 articles contain evidence of absolute impact decoupling, especially between CO2 (and SOX) emissions and evidence on geographically limited (national level) cases of absolute decoupling of land and blue water use from GDP, but not of economy-wide resource decoupling, neither on national nor international scales. Evidence of the needed absolute global fast-enough decoupling is missing.
The GDP- d-mannose 3,5-epimerase (GME, EC 5.1.3.18), which converts GDP- d-mannose to GDP- l-galactose, is generally considered to be a central enzyme of the major ascorbate biosynthesis pathway in ...higher plants, but experimental evidence for its role in planta is lacking. Using transgenic tomato lines that were RNAi-silenced for GME, we confirmed that GME does indeed play a key role in the regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis in plants. In addition, the transgenic tomato lines exhibited growth defects affecting both cell division and cell expansion. A further remarkable feature of the transgenic plants was their fragility and loss of fruit firmness. Analysis of the cell-wall composition of leaves and developing fruit revealed that the cell-wall monosaccharide content was altered in the transgenic lines, especially those directly linked to GME activity, such as mannose and galactose. In agreement with this, immunocytochemical analyses showed an increase of mannan labelling in stem and fruit walls and of rhamnogalacturonan labelling in the stem alone. The results of MALDI-TOF fingerprinting of mannanase cleavage products of the cell wall suggested synthesis of specific mannan structures with modified degrees of substitution by acetate in the transgenic lines. When considered together, these findings indicate an intimate linkage between ascorbate and non-cellulosic cell-wall polysaccharide biosynthesis in plants, a fact that helps to explain the common factors in seemingly unrelated traits such as fruit firmness and ascorbate content.
The Ecological Footprint is defined as the ecological impact caused by human activities, such as agriculture, fishing, raising livestock, and building infrastructure. A high level of Ecological ...Footprint index is linked to high consumption of natural resources, which causes a negative impact on the environment. Few studies analyze the Ecological Footprint and its determinants considering the effects of neighboring countries. Therefore, we research whether the Ecological Footprints of 158 countries are spatially correlated, as well as their determinants. We retrieve the data from the Global Footprint Network and the World Bank for ten years (2007–2016) and apply a dynamic spatial Durbin model. Unlike previous studies of spatial dependence, we estimate the direct, indirect and total effects of biocapacity, trade openness and GDP on the Ecological Footprint in the short-run and long-run horizons. Our results detect significant spatial effects. We find that biocapacity, trade openness and GDP increase the Ecological Footprint of countries, however, the former two exhibit significant indirect effects in both horizons while the latter one display significant direct effects. These effects account for a significant share of the variation of the Ecological Footprint. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results to academics and policymakers.
•Biocapacity, GDP, and trade openness increase the Ecological Footprint.•We used a Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model with spatial fixed-effects.•We estimated the direct, indirect and total effects of the exogenous variables on the Ecological Footprint.•The Ecological Footprint of a country is affected by changes in biocapacity and trade openness of neighboring countries.•Public policies aimed at reducing the Ecological Footprint, should consider the geographical aspect as a key determinant.
This study investigates the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions (CO
2) for a global panel consisting of 69 countries using a dynamic panel data model. To make the panel data analysis more ...homogenous, we also investigate the determinants of CO
2 emissions for a number of sub-panels. These sub-panels are constructed based on the income level of countries. In this way, we end up with three income panels; namely, high income, middle income, and low income panels. The time component of our dataset is 1985–2005 inclusive. Our main findings are that trade openness, per capita GDP, and energy consumption, proxied by per capita electric power consumption and per capita total primary energy consumption, have positive effects on CO
2 emissions. Urbanisation is found to have a negative impact on CO
2 emissions in high income, middle income, and low income panels. For the global panel, only GDP per capita and per capita total primary energy consumption are found to be statistically significant determinants of CO
2 emission, while urbanisation, trade openness, and per capita electric power consumption have negative effects on the CO
2 emissions.
GDP-
d-mannose 3″,5″-epimerase (GME), a key enzyme in vitamin C biosynthesis, catalyzes the synthesis of GDP-
l -galactose and GDP-
l-gulose from GDP-
d-mannose.
The enzymatic characterization of ...GDP-
d-mannose 3″,5″-epimerase (GME), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of vitamin C in plants is described. The
GME gene (Genbank Accession No. AB193582) in rice was cloned, and expressed as a fusion protein in
Escherichia coli. Reaction products from GDP-
d-mannose, as produced by GME catalysis, were separated by recycling HPLC on an ODS column, and were determined to be GDP-
l-galactose and GDP-
l-gulose, based on their NMR spectra and sugar analysis. The reaction catalyzed by GME was inhibited by GDP, and was strongly accelerated by NAD
+ in contrast to the case of GME from
Arabidopsis thaliana. This difference in the effect of NAD
+ on GME activity can be attributed to the NAD binding domain which is conserved in the rice gene, but not in the
Arabidopsis thaliana gene. The apparent
K
m and
k
cat were determined to be 1.20
×
10
−5
M and 0.127
s
−1, respectively, in the presence of 20
μM NAD
+. The fractions of GDP-
d-mannose, GDP-
l-galactose and GDP-
l-gulose, at equilibrium, were approximately 0.75, 0.20 and 0.05, respectively.
As fundamental data, gross domestic product (GDP) and electricity consumption can be used to effectively evaluate economic status and living standards of residents. Some scholars have estimated ...gridded GDP and electricity consumption. However, such gridded data have shortcomings, including overestimating real GDP growth, ignoring the heterogeneity of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the grid, and limited time-span. Simultaneously, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) and National Polar-orbiting Partnership's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer (NPP/VIIRS) nighttime light data, adopted in these studies as a proxy tool, still facing shortcomings, such as imperfect matching results, discontinuity in temporal and spatial changes. In this study, we employed a series of methods, such as a particle swarm optimization-back propagation (PSO-BP) algorithm, to unify the scales of DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS images and obtain continuous 1 km × 1 km gridded nighttime light data during 1992-2019. Subsequently, from a revised real growth perspective, we employed a top-down method to calculate global 1 km × 1 km gridded revised real GDP and electricity consumption during 1992-2019 based on our calibrated nighttime light data.
Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress Kubiszewski, Ida; Costanza, Robert; Franco, Carol ...
African journal of food, agriculture, nutrition, and development : AJFAND,
09/2013, Letnik:
93, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
While global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased more than three-fold since 1950, economic welfare, as estimated by the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), has actually decreased since 1978. We ...synthesized estimates of GPI over the 1950–2003 time period for 17 countries for which GPI has been estimated. These 17 countries contain 53% of the global population and 59% of the global GDP. We compared GPI with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Human Development Index (HDI), Ecological Footprint, Biocapacity, Gini coefficient, and Life Satisfaction scores. Results show a significant variation among these countries, but some major trends. We also estimated a global GPI/capita over the 1950–2003 period. Global GPI/capita peaked in 1978, about the same time that global Ecological Footprint exceeded global Biocapacity. Life Satisfaction in almost all countries has also not improved significantly since 1975. Globally, GPI/capita does not increase beyond a GDP/capita of around $7000/capita. If we distributed income more equitably around the planet, the current world GDP ($67trillion/yr) could support 9.6billion people at $7000/capita. While GPI is not the perfect economic welfare indicator, it is a far better approximation than GDP. Development policies need to shift to better account for real welfare and not merely GDP growth.
•Global GPI/capita peaked in 1978.•Globally, GPI/capita does not increase beyond a GDP/capita of around $6,500/capita.•With more equitable distribution, current world GDP ($67trillion/yr) could support 9.6billion people at $7,000/capita.•Life satisfaction in almost all countries has also not improved significantly since 1975.
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