The low efficiency of the closed-loop supply chain in construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling has restricted the green development of China’s construction industry. Additionally, the ...government’s reward–penalty mechanism has a huge influence on green development. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green development performance (GDP) and the government’s reward–penalty mechanism on the decision-making process of production and recycling units, as well as to reveal the optimal strategies under different conditions. Therefore, the strategies’ evolutionary paths of production and recycling units were investigated by using evolutionary game theory. Firstly, an evolutionary game model between production units and recycling units was proposed under the government’s reward–penalty mechanism. Then, the evolutionary stability strategies in different scenarios were discussed. Finally, the effects of the relevant parameters on the evolutionary paths of the game model were analyzed using numerical simulations. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) When the range of GDP changes, the evolutionary stable strategy changes accordingly. GDP plays a positive role in promoting the high-quality development of the CDW recycling supply chain, but an increase in GDP can easily lead to the simultaneous motivation of free-riding. (2) The government’s reward–penalty mechanism effectively regulates the decision-making process of production and recycling units. An increase in the subsidy rate and supervision probability helps to reduce free-riding behavior. Moreover, the incentive effect of the subsidy probability on recycling units is more obvious, while the effect of the supervision probability on improving the motivation of active participation for production units is more remarkable. This paper not only provides a decision-making basis to ensure production and recycling units to make optimal strategy choices under different conditions but also provides a reference for the government to formulate a reasonable reward–penalty mechanism that is conducive to a macro-control market.
This study investigates the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions (CO
2) for a global panel consisting of 69 countries using a dynamic panel data model. To make the panel data analysis more ...homogenous, we also investigate the determinants of CO
2 emissions for a number of sub-panels. These sub-panels are constructed based on the income level of countries. In this way, we end up with three income panels; namely, high income, middle income, and low income panels. The time component of our dataset is 1985–2005 inclusive. Our main findings are that trade openness, per capita GDP, and energy consumption, proxied by per capita electric power consumption and per capita total primary energy consumption, have positive effects on CO
2 emissions. Urbanisation is found to have a negative impact on CO
2 emissions in high income, middle income, and low income panels. For the global panel, only GDP per capita and per capita total primary energy consumption are found to be statistically significant determinants of CO
2 emission, while urbanisation, trade openness, and per capita electric power consumption have negative effects on the CO
2 emissions.
The Ecological Footprint is defined as the ecological impact caused by human activities, such as agriculture, fishing, raising livestock, and building infrastructure. A high level of Ecological ...Footprint index is linked to high consumption of natural resources, which causes a negative impact on the environment. Few studies analyze the Ecological Footprint and its determinants considering the effects of neighboring countries. Therefore, we research whether the Ecological Footprints of 158 countries are spatially correlated, as well as their determinants. We retrieve the data from the Global Footprint Network and the World Bank for ten years (2007–2016) and apply a dynamic spatial Durbin model. Unlike previous studies of spatial dependence, we estimate the direct, indirect and total effects of biocapacity, trade openness and GDP on the Ecological Footprint in the short-run and long-run horizons. Our results detect significant spatial effects. We find that biocapacity, trade openness and GDP increase the Ecological Footprint of countries, however, the former two exhibit significant indirect effects in both horizons while the latter one display significant direct effects. These effects account for a significant share of the variation of the Ecological Footprint. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results to academics and policymakers.
•Biocapacity, GDP, and trade openness increase the Ecological Footprint.•We used a Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model with spatial fixed-effects.•We estimated the direct, indirect and total effects of the exogenous variables on the Ecological Footprint.•The Ecological Footprint of a country is affected by changes in biocapacity and trade openness of neighboring countries.•Public policies aimed at reducing the Ecological Footprint, should consider the geographical aspect as a key determinant.
Gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, and population are central to the study of politics and economics broadly, and conflict processes in particular. Despite the prominence of these ...variables in empirical research, existing data lack historical coverage and are assumed to be measured without error. We develop a latent variable modeling framework that expands data coverage (1500 AD–2018 AD) and, by making use of multiple indicators for each variable, provides a principled framework to estimate uncertainty for values for all country-year variables relative to one another. Expanded temporal coverage of estimates provides new insights about the relationship between development and democracy, conflict, repression, and health. We also demonstrate how to incorporate uncertainty in observational models. Results show that the relationship between repression and development is weaker than models that do not incorporate uncertainty suggest. Future extensions of the latent variable model can address other forms of systematic measurement error with new data, new measurement theory, or both.
Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress Kubiszewski, Ida; Costanza, Robert; Franco, Carol ...
African journal of food, agriculture, nutrition, and development : AJFAND,
09/2013, Letnik:
93, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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While global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased more than three-fold since 1950, economic welfare, as estimated by the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), has actually decreased since 1978. We ...synthesized estimates of GPI over the 1950–2003 time period for 17 countries for which GPI has been estimated. These 17 countries contain 53% of the global population and 59% of the global GDP. We compared GPI with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Human Development Index (HDI), Ecological Footprint, Biocapacity, Gini coefficient, and Life Satisfaction scores. Results show a significant variation among these countries, but some major trends. We also estimated a global GPI/capita over the 1950–2003 period. Global GPI/capita peaked in 1978, about the same time that global Ecological Footprint exceeded global Biocapacity. Life Satisfaction in almost all countries has also not improved significantly since 1975. Globally, GPI/capita does not increase beyond a GDP/capita of around $7000/capita. If we distributed income more equitably around the planet, the current world GDP ($67trillion/yr) could support 9.6billion people at $7000/capita. While GPI is not the perfect economic welfare indicator, it is a far better approximation than GDP. Development policies need to shift to better account for real welfare and not merely GDP growth.
•Global GPI/capita peaked in 1978.•Globally, GPI/capita does not increase beyond a GDP/capita of around $6,500/capita.•With more equitable distribution, current world GDP ($67trillion/yr) could support 9.6billion people at $7,000/capita.•Life satisfaction in almost all countries has also not improved significantly since 1975.
The fading American dream Chetty, Raj; Grusky, David; Hell, Maximilian ...
Science,
04/2017, Letnik:
356, Številka:
6336
Journal Article
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Odprti dostop
We estimated rates of “absolute income mobility”—the fraction of children who earn more than their parents—by combining data from U.S. Census and Current Population Survey cross sections with panel ...data from de-identified tax records. We found that rates of absolute mobility have fallen from approximately 90% for children born in 1940 to 50% for children born in the 1980s. Increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rates alone cannot restore absolute mobility to the rates experienced by children born in the 1940s. However, distributing current GDP growth more equally across income groups as in the 1940 birth cohort would reverse more than 70% of the decline in mobility. These results imply that reviving the “American dream” of high rates of absolute mobility would require economic growth that is shared more broadly across the income distribution.
As fundamental data, gross domestic product (GDP) and electricity consumption can be used to effectively evaluate economic status and living standards of residents. Some scholars have estimated ...gridded GDP and electricity consumption. However, such gridded data have shortcomings, including overestimating real GDP growth, ignoring the heterogeneity of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the grid, and limited time-span. Simultaneously, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) and National Polar-orbiting Partnership's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer (NPP/VIIRS) nighttime light data, adopted in these studies as a proxy tool, still facing shortcomings, such as imperfect matching results, discontinuity in temporal and spatial changes. In this study, we employed a series of methods, such as a particle swarm optimization-back propagation (PSO-BP) algorithm, to unify the scales of DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS images and obtain continuous 1 km × 1 km gridded nighttime light data during 1992-2019. Subsequently, from a revised real growth perspective, we employed a top-down method to calculate global 1 km × 1 km gridded revised real GDP and electricity consumption during 1992-2019 based on our calibrated nighttime light data.
First attempt has been made to find the effects of foreign direct investment on environmental pollution and economic growth, in addition to finding the determinants of foreign direct investment ...inflows in Pakistan using the annual data set for the period of 1980–2014. Simultaneous equation model has been used to find relation between the variables of concern. Results from technique and composition effects show that increase in economic growth leads towards more pollution emissions. Scale effect shows stock of capital and labor have positive effect on the economic growth of Pakistan while pollution has negative effect on growth. In case of capital accumulation effect, economic growth and foreign direct investment have positive and significant effect on stock of capital. Although increase in economic growth increases pollution, however, economic growth declines as pollution crosses a certain limit. Foreign direct investment is also found positively related with pollution.
•Relationship between economic growth and pollution emission in Pakistan is examined.•A 3SLS model is employed.•Physical capital stock matters in economic growth.•Economic growth declines after particular level of pollution emission.
The extant literature reveals that scholars and policy makers are highly concerned about exploring the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis using a different set of variables ...with the prime objective of exploring environmental degradation issues related to sustainable economic development for different countries. We examine the validity of the EKC hypothesis for the five most influenced economies of the G-20 from 1993 to 2017 using GDP per capita and CO
2
emissions, along with some other variables, namely technological development, financial development (FD), energy use, and social globalization to avoid any misspecification in the empirical model. The LM bootstrap approach confirms the co-integration in the series, and the panel Driscoll–Kraay standard error method confirms that veto-power economies have an N-shaped relationship between CO
2
emissions and GDP per capita. Furthermore, empirical findings exhibit that technological advancement and energy consumption positively correlate with CO
2
emissions, whereas FD and social globalization attenuate environmental degradation. These empirical findings suggest that appropriate policies need to be designed for these sample countries, depending on their GDP per capita and CO
2
emissions levels. An environmentally friendly policy may be adopted to achieve sustainable development goals. Policymakers also need to implement a policy that encourages financial development and boosts technologies with fewer polluting characteristics.
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