Members of the order Harpacticoida are primarily free-living and benthic but some lineages have adopted alternative modes of life which involve a major habitat shift or dependence on a host. Since ...the first discovery of a harpacticoid associated with an invertebrate host about 150 years ago, a total of 172 species, representing 84 genera and 17 families, have been shown to live in symbiotic partnership with other organisms. The steady addition of new taxa during the last 35 years testifies to the widespread and previously underestimated occurrence of symbiosis in the group. Harpacticoids have entered into associations with Cyanobacteria, Protozoa, macroalgae, grasses, fish hosts, marine tetrapods (including whales, sea turtles and manatees) and at least eleven invertebrate phyla. At present, 86 independent colonizations of marine and freshwater host organisms can be identified but this number is a minimum estimate and is expected to increase as certain host groups will be more properly sampled. In contrast to the Cyclopoida and Siphonostomatoida, which have been extremely successful in developing associations with cnidarians, sponges, echinoderms and ascidiaceans, members of the Harpacticoida have a marked predilection for crustacean hosts. Except for a few species that can be classified as genuine parasites, the precise nature of the relationship between most associated harpacticoids and their hosts has yet to be elucidated but can probably be defined as commensalistic, where the benefit to the copepod may be nutritional or protective. Most are ectosymbiotic but some live as endocommensals in microhabitats which provide considerable protection from predation. The success of symbiotic harpacticoids in freshwater is limited with the few species known to be associated with freshwater hosts typically representing isolated forays into a symbiotic lifestyle from an otherwise free-living lineage. The scattered literature on symbiotic harpacticoids is compiled and presented by host group. Dichotomous keys are provided for the identification of most species while accidental and doubtful records are discussed where appropriate.The genus Idomenella T. Scott, 1906a (Pseudotachidiidae), previously a junior subjective synonym of Dactylopodella Sars, 1905a, is reinstated to accommodate Dactylopodella rostrata (T. Scott, 1893), D. janetae Hicks, 1989, Xouthous coronatus (T. Scott, 1894b), X. antarcticus (Giesbrecht, 1902), X. intermedius (Lang, 1934) and Idomenella paracoronata sp. nov. Kioloaria Harris, 1994 (Porcellidiidae) is adopted as the valid replacement name for the preoccupied Acutiramus Harris, 2014a. The name of a second porcellidiid genus, Murramia Harris, 1994, lacks the mandatory type fixation and is made available here by adopting the original name but taking the present authorship and date. The generic name Ellucana Sewell, 1940 is currently unavailable and must instead be attributed to Coull (1971b). Laophonte commensalis Raibaut, 1962a is fixed as the type of Raibautius gen. nov. in the family Laophontidae, Tegastes cnidicus Humes, 1981b as the type of Aglaogastes gen. nov. in the Tegastidae, and Canuella (Canuella) indica Krishnaswamy, 1957 as the type of Indicanuella gen. nov.A number of new names are proposed for species that had previously been misidentified: Diarthrodes septemtrionalis sp. nov. for D. roscoffensis (Monard, 1935b) sensu Kornev & Chertoprud (2008), Kioloaria jejuensis sp. nov. for Porcellidium brevicaudatum Thompson & Scott, 1903 sensu Kim & Kim (1996), Xouthous andamanensis sp. nov. for X. maldivae sic Sewell, 1940 sensu Wells & Rao (1987), X. wellsi sp. nov. for X. laticaudatus (Thompson & Scott, 1903) sensu Wells (1967), X. namibiensis sp. nov. for X. pectinatus (Scott & Scott, 1898) sensu Kunz (1963), and Idomenella paracoronata sp. nov. for Idomene coronata (T. Scott, 1894b) sensu Sars (1909a). The inadequately described Amenophia ovalis Brady, 1910 is relegated to a species inquirenda in Amenophia Boeck, 1865. Idomene australis Brady, 1910, I. pusilla Brady, 1910, Dactylopusia ferrieri T. Scott, 1912 and I. kabylica Monard, 1936 are ranked species incertae sedis in the Pseudotachidiidae. Dactylopus bahamensis Edwards, 1891 is tentatively considered as species incertae sedis in the Dactylopusiidae. Canuellina onchophora Por, 1967 and C. nicobaris Wells & Rao, 1987 are transferred to the genus Ellucana Coull, 1971b while Ellucana secunda Coull, 1971b is assigned to the genus Canuellina Gurney, 1927. Xylora calyptogenae Willen, 2006 is sunk as a junior subjective synonym of X. bathyalis Hicks, 1988a. The incorrect original spellings of Parathalestris pacificus Chislenko, 1971, P. infestus Ho & Hong, 1988, Tripartisoma ovalis Avdeev, 1983, T. trapezoidalis Avdeev, 1983, Amplipedicola pectinatus Avdeev, 2010 and Sunaristes japonicus Ho, 1986a are amended to reflect agreement in gender with their respective generic names.
Quarterly sampling campaigns during 2019 to study the diversity of meiofauna in a polluted estuary in northwestern Mexico revealed the subfamily Stenheliinae Brady, 1880 as one of the most important ...contributors to the diversity of benthic harpacticoids. Two new stenheliin species are described here. One of them was assigned to the, so far, monotypic genus
Lonchoeidestenhelia
gen. nov.
defined by the autapomorphic modified proximal outer spinules on the sigmoid process of the male P2ENP2. The other species was assigned to
Willenstenhelia
Karanovic and Kim, 2014.
Lonchoeidestenhelia
gen. nov.
shares the armature formula of the P1 EXP2 with
Stenhelia
,
Anisostenhelia
, and
Beatricella
, but seems to bear a sister-group relationship with the former two genera by the loss of one inner seta on the P2–P3 EXP3, the presence of two outer spine-like elements on the male P5EXP, and the displacement of the outer spine and medial and inner distal setae of P2ENP3, to an apical and subapical inner position, respectively, but is more closely related to
Anisostenhelia
by the overall shape of the male P2ENP2.
Willenstenhelia reducta
sp. nov.
is attributed to a group of species composed of
Wi. minuta
,
Wi. urania
, and
Wi. terpsichore
characterized by the strongly reduced inner seta of the female P5 baseoendopod, but differs in the discrete female P5 baseoendopods and in the presence of one outer seta only on that segment.
Willenstenhelia reducta
sp. nov.
is defined here by the autapomorphic loss of the outermost seta of the female P5 baseoendopod.
A new species of the harpacticoid copepod genus
is described from specimens collected in Rodadero Beach, on Gaira Bay, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The species,
, is described, illustrated, ...and com-pared with its congeners.
differs from its known congeners in details of the armature of legs 1-4. It most closely resembles
(Norman, 1911) in the armature formula of P1-P5 but differs from the latter in several respects, including the female antennule segmentation (7-segmented in
but distinctly 6-segmented in
) and in the shape and size of the male P3ENP2 apophysis, among other characters. This is the second species of the genus known from the Caribbean and the second record of
in the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic. The genus now contains eight species. A key to the known species of the genus is also included.
Abstract For the first time, the phylogenetic relationships between representatives of all 10 copepod orders have been investigated using 28S and 18S rRNA, Histone H3 protein and COI mtDNA. The ...monophyly of Copepoda (including Platycopioida Fosshagen, 1985) is demonstrated for the first time using molecular data. Maxillopoda is rejected, as it is a polyphyletic group. The monophyly of the major subgroups of Copepoda, including Progymnoplea Lang, 1948 (=Platycopioida); Neocopepoda Huys and Boxshall, 1991; Gymnoplea Giesbrecht, 1892 (=Calanoida Sars, 1903); and Podoplea Giesbrecht, 1892, are supported in this study. Seven copepod orders are monophyletic, including Platycopioida, Calanoida, Misophrioida Gurney, 1933; Monstrilloida Sars, 1901; Siphonostomatoida Burmeister, 1834; Gelyelloida Huys, 1988; and Mormonilloida Boxshall, 1979. Misophrioida (=Propodoplea Lang, 1948) is the most basal Podoplean order. The order Cyclopoida Burmeister, 1835, is paraphyletic and now encompasses Poecilostomatoida Thorell, 1859, as a sister to the family Schminkepinellidae Martinez Arbizu, 2006. Within Harpacticoida Sars, 1903, both sections, Polyarthra Lang, 1948, and Oligoarthra Lang, 1948, are monophyletic, but not sister groups. The order Canuelloida is proposed while maintaining the order Harpacticoida s. str . (Oligoarthra). Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida and Cyclopinidae are redefined, while Canuelloida ordo. nov ., Smirnovipinidae fam. nov . and Cyclopicinidae fam. nov are proposed as new taxa.
Copepods, small aquatic crustaceans, are the most abundant metazoan zooplankton and outnumber every other group of multicellular animals on earth. In spite of ecological and biological importance in ...aquatic environment, their morphological plasticity, originated from their various lifestyles and their incomparable capacity to adapt to a variety of environments, has made the identification of species challenging, even for expert taxonomists. Molecular approaches to species identification have allowed rapid detection, discrimination, and identification of cryptic or sibling species based on DNA sequence data. We examined sequence variation of a partial mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I gene (COI) from 133 copepod individuals collected from the Korean Peninsula, in order to identify and discriminate 94 copepod species covering six copepod orders of Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida, Monstrilloida, Poecilostomatoida and Siphonostomatoida. The results showed that there exists a clear gap with ca. 20 fold difference between the averages of within-specific sequence divergence (2.42%) and that of between-specific sequence divergence (42.79%) in COI, suggesting the plausible utility of this gene in delimitating copepod species. The results showed, with the COI barcoding data among 94 copepod species, that a copepod species could be distinguished from the others very clearly, only with four exceptions as followings: Mesocyclops dissimilis-Mesocyclops pehpeiensis (0.26% K2P distance in percent) and Oithona davisae-Oithona similis (1.1%) in Cyclopoida, Ostrincola japonica-Pseudomyicola spinosus (1.5%) in Poecilostomatoida, and Hatschekia japonica-Caligus quadratus (5.2%) in Siphonostomatoida. Thus, it strongly indicated that COI may be a useful tool in identifying various copepod species and make an initial progress toward the construction of a comprehensive DNA barcode database for copepods inhabiting the Korean Peninsula.
Based on original material collected in the Caspian Sea, the harpacticoid fauna and its taxocene structure were described. The complied list of the Caspian harpacticoids includes 28 species of 16 ...genera and 10 families. Three species are new to science. Endemics make up 21% of the total species number, while cosmopolitans compose 36%. Four types of taxocenes in the soft littoral sediments of the Caspian Sea were described. High inter-annual variability in the structure of the harpacticoid taxocenes was observed in the Caspian littoral zone in February–March. This may be caused by strong climatic variations in the maritime area, with sporadic alternation of warm and cold winters.
A comparative analysis of the faunas of the Caspian, Aral, Azov, Black and Mediterranean Seas was performed. The faunas clearly diverge into two groups: the Mediterranean and the Sarmatian, which indicates the relationships among the faunas of the fragments of the common relict Sarmatian Sea Basin. The harpacticoid fauna also differs considerably within the Sarmatian cluster. The faunas of the Azov, Caspian and Aral Seas are mainly represented by brackish-water species, while marine species dominate in the Black Sea. However, these faunas share numerous brackish species that likely formed earlier the major part of the harpacticoid fauna of the Sarmatian Basin.
•For the first time the total species list of Harpacticoida (Copepoda) of the Caspian Sea was composed.•Four types of harpacticoid taxocenes occurring in the littoral soft sediments of the Caspian Sea were described.•High inter-annual variability of structure of the harpacticoid taxocenes was observed.•Faunas of the Caspian, Aral, Azov, Black, Mediterranean Seas diverge into two groups: the Mediterranean and the Sarmatian.•All the seas included in the Sarmatian Basin are sharing numerous group of brackish water species.
Biological samples obtained from a coastal system of northern Colombia yielded male and female specimens of an undescribed harpacticoid copepod of the diverse ameirid genus
Boeck, 1865. The new ...species is a member of the genus group III. We describe the new species based on adult male and female individuals.
, appears to be most closely related to
Tran & Chang, 2012, but they can be separated by the following characters: 1) number of setal elements on second segment of mandibular palp, 2) P1ENP/EXP ratio, 3) relative lengths of P2, P3ENP/EXP, 4) number of elements on male P5EXP and ENP, and 5) segmentation of male antennule. In addition,
can be confused with two other congeners:
Gómez, Carrasco & Morales-Serna, 2012 from South Africa and Colombia and
Kornev & Chertoprud, 2008 from the White Sea, but the new species can be distinguished from them by: 1) number of setae on the maxillule coxa, 2) P1ENP/EXP ratio, 3) P2,P3ENP/EXP ratio, 4) female and male P5 setophore, 5) setation pattern of female P5EXP and ENP, 6) structure of female P6, 7) ornamentation of female anal operculum, 8) number of setae on male P5EXP, and 9) the male antennule segmentation. Most importantly, the presence of a group of five short setae on the medial surface of the maxilliped syncoxa allows the new species to be readily distinguished from its congeners. Only two subspecies and one species of this genus have been hitherto recorded from Colombia. A key to the 23 known American species of
is provided.
Both sexes of a new monotypic genus of Tisbidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) are described from the epi- or mesopelagic zone in the Kuroshio region, Japan.
belongs to a monophyletic lineage of deepwater ...holoplanktonic genera defined by a suite of characters. Within this clade,
appears most closely related to
Boxshall, 1979. The most distinguishable feature of
is the presence of large, paired, frontal modified eyes, each consisting of a baculiform ocellus, a globular (Gicklhorn's?) organ, and a semi-parabolic plate. The taxonomic position of
Bradford & Wells, 1983 is discussed and a key to the six meso- and bathypelagic tisbid species is provided. Confusion surrounding earlier literature reports of supernumerary elements on the caudal ramus in some harpacticoid taxa is clarified. Secondary modifications of ocellar components of the typical naupliar eye in the Harpacticoida are reviewed. It is suggested that the development of specialized eyes in
may provide a means for detecting bioluminescent food particles in oligotrophic pelagic environments. The large, vaulted prosome indicates the species is an opportunistic macrophage that has adopted gorging as a feeding strategy.
Many nearshore ecosystems are modified by aquaculture, including bivalve culture to produce food and restore extirpated populations. Small invertebrates in nearshore ecosystems support fundamental ...ecological processes, but the effects of bivalve culture on invertebrates are incompletely understood. Here, we compared invertebrate assemblages from multiple studies of bivalve-cultivated and unmodified nearshore habitats along the US west coast. In general, unmodified eelgrass and nearby off-bottom culture habitats with eelgrass present were inhabited by a greater abundance, richness, and diversity of epibenthic invertebrates than bottom culture and bare (mud, sand) habitats that both lacked eelgrass. Findings of individual studies suggested: minor differences in epibenthic invertebrate assemblages associated with various aquaculture practices; restoring native oysters to mudflats did not detectably alter epibenthic invertebrate abundances; epibenthic invertebrates were more abundant on shell hash introduced to mudflats than unmodified mudflats; and benthic invertebrates were less abundant, rich, and diverse in habitats cultured on bottom by Manila clams. Considering the range of these patterns, there appears to be potential for coastal communities to restore extirpated bivalve populations or develop bivalve culture practices that meet objectives to grow food while maintaining nearshore ecosystems’ fundamental processes supported by robust invertebrate assemblages.
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