Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) is one of the widely used edible mushrooms around the world, primarily in Asian countries. H. erinaceus is used in traditional medicines, and mushroom based foods. ...The fruiting body and mycelia of H. erinaceus are extracted using the solvents, and several bioactive compounds were identified. Several studies have reported that those bioactive compounds exhibit many health benefits such as hemagglutinating, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-aging activities, etc. This manuscript consciously updated the information about the composition of H. erinaceus, H. erinaceus based foods, and anti-hyperglycemic property of H. erinaceus.
Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus), an edible mushroom with medicinal value, has a long history of usage in China and other oriental countries. Polysaccharide is supposed to be one of the major ...bioactive compounds in H. erinaceus, which possesses immunomodulating, anti-cancer, antioxidant, gastroprotection and intestinal health promotion, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antihpyerglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. In this review, the current advancements on extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharide from different sources (fruiting body, mycelium and culture broth) of H. erinaceus were summarized. Among these aspects, summaries of the structural characteristics focused on the purified polysaccharides. Meanwhile, comparisons on the structural characteristics among the purified polysaccharides obtained from above three sources were made. Moreover, their biological activities were introduced on the basis of in vivo and in vitro experiments, and some possible action mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of the polysaccharide was discussed. New perspectives for the future work of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide were also proposed.
HIGHLIGHTS
Extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide (HEP) were summarized.
Structural characteristics of the purified polysaccharides from different sources (fruiting body, mycelium and culture broth) of Hericium erinaceus were summarized and compared.
Structure-activity relationship of HEP was discussed, and new perspectives for the future work of this polysaccharide were proposed.
In this study, the hypoglycemic effect and possible mechanism of a polysaccharide, HEP-C, isolated from the fruit body of Hericium erinaceus were evaluated in streptozotoxin (STZ)-induced diabetic ...rats. Compared with the untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats, the supplements with HEP-C (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight BW) could significantly and dose-dependently relieve BW loss and organ injures, reduce fasting blood glucose, enhance glucose tolerance, alleviate hepatic function and serum lipid metabolism, elevate antioxidant enzyme activities, and suppress lipid peroxidation, which contributed to its potent hypoglycemic benefit. Liver histopathological observation revealed that HEP-C could effectively attenuate the deteriorated hepatic lesions in STZ-induced diabetic rats. HEP-C with potent hypoglycemic effect positively mediated glycogen synthesis by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. In summary, these results suggested that HEP-C, as a new dietary functional food or therapeutic agent, exhibited great potential for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
Mushroom laccases play a crucial role in lignin depolymerization, one of the most critical challenges in lignin utilization. Importantly, laccases can utilize a wide range of substrates, such as ...toxicants and antibiotics. This study isolated a novel laccase, named HeLac4c, from endophytic white-rot fungi Hericium erinaceus mushrooms. The cDNAs for this enzyme were 1569 bp in length and encoded a protein of 523 amino acids, including a 20 amino-acid signal peptide. Active extracellular production of glycosylated laccases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was successfully achieved by selecting an optimal translational fusion partner. We observed that 5 and 10 mM Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ , and K + increased laccase activity, whereas 5 mM Fe 2+ and Al 3+ inhibited laccase activity. The laccase activity was inhibited by the addition of low concentrations of sodium azide and L-cysteine. The optimal pH for the 2,2`-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt was 4.4. Guaiacylglycerol- β-guaiacyl ether, a lignin model compound, was polymerized by the HeLac4c enzyme. These results indicated that HeLac4c is a novel oxidase biocatalyst for the bioconversion of lignin into valueadded products for environmental biotechnological applications.
•H. erinaceus polysaccharides could regulate composition of gut microbiota.•The cells co-culture system is used to simulate the gut conditions.•The immunomodulatory activities and possible mechanisms ...were reviewed.•H. erinaceus polysaccharides can potentially be applied as functional ingredients.
Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of H. erinaceus with 53.36 % total carbohydrates and 32.56 % uronic acid. To examine whether HEPs can alter the diversity and the abundance of gut microbiota, adult mice and middle-aged and old mice were fed with HEPs for 28 days. Based on the result of 16S sequencing of gut microbiota it was found that the relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansiaceae significantly increased, while the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae and Bacteroidaceae appeared to decrease. Bacterial solutions from different murine intestinal segments and feces were collected to ferment HEPs in vitro. It was found that HEPs remarkably promoted the production of NO, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ and TNF-α. Moreover, HEPs significantly increased phosphorylation of signaling molecules, indicating that the immunomodulatory activity was completed via NF-кB, MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Collectively, HEPs have potential to be developed as functional ingredients or foods to promote health.
Crude polysaccharides (HEP) extracted from Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) using hot water soaking were focused in this study. The effects of steam explosion (SE) pretreatment (against H. erinaceus ...raw material) on the physical and chemical characteristics and in vitro fermentability of HEP were examined. SE increased the yield, the total sugar content, and β-glucan content for HEP by 244.96%, 51.22% and 34.60%, respectively. SE treatment also reduced the molecular weight of HEP and released relative lower molecular fractions, as reflected by the elution profiles from HPSEC. During in vitro fermentation (by human feces) process, HEP from SE treated (HEQ) and untreated samples (HEW) both demonstrated capability in regulating gut microbiota (GM) by improving the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Firmicutes and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia-shigella. Moreover, HEQ could increase the production of acetic, propionic and total SCFAs, while HEW could better increase the production of n-butyric acids. The findings of this study provide a reference for the efficient extraction and preparation of HEP, and highlighting its potential application in modulating GM.
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•Steam explosion (SE) increased the yield of H. erinaceus polysaccharides by 244.96%.•The total sugar and β-glucan content of HEP were greatly improved by SE treatment.•HEW and HEQ could improve the abundance of beneficial bacteria.•HEW and HEQ could promote the production of short-chain fatty acids.•HEQ exhibited better effects on regulating human gut microbiota compared with HEW.
•Different substrate moisture content during cultivation were tested.•Hydrolytic and lignolytic enzymatic activities were measured.•Spent mushroom substrate after cultivation H. erinaceus was ...vermicomposted.•Vermicomposting in the system of continuous feeding was applied.•PLFA and other biological and agrochemical parameters were measured.
Cultivation of Hericium erinaceus depends on various factors, one of which is water content in the substrate. This parameter influences not only the growth rate of the mushroom but also enzymatic activity, which is important for substrate decomposition and for the later usage of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). This study compared parameters, such as mycelial growth, pH and enzymatic activity in substrates with different initial water content. During cultivation, the water content and pH decreased in all variants, but the activity of hydrolytic enzymes increased with time and was higher in variants with higher water content (70% and 75%); however, the activity of ligninolytic enzymes decreased during cultivation. The production of 1 kg of mushrooms generates about 5 kg of SMS. Vermicomposting is a natural method for processing SMS, as it involves a combination of earthworms, microorganisms and enzymatic activity; thus, we compared the differences between variants with and without earthworms using continuous feeding vermicomposters. The C:N ratio in the variant with earthworms radically decreased from 153.7:1 to 16.5:1. The ratio of bacteria to fungi in both variants was highest in the oldest compost layer in the vermicomposters. The variant without earthworms exhibited the highest enzymatic activity of β-D-glucosidase and Mn-peroxidase, but the highest activity of cellobiohydrolase and laccase occurred in the variant with earthworms. The vermicomposting process is ideal for this type of biowaste, as it produces a fertilizer rich in beneficial microorganisms and enzymatic activity.
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In this study, 2-chloro-1,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene (CDM), a natural product with anti-Candida albicans activity, was discovered from the Hericium erinaceus mycelium. The minimum inhibitory ...concentration of CDM was 62.5 μg/mL. Moreover, structural analogues of CDM obtained from chemical synthesis were applied to explore the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of CDM against C. albicans. It was found that methoxy groups, halogen atoms (except fluorine atoms), and methoxy-meta-position methyl groups in the structure of CDM were the key active groups. Furthermore, we investigated the anti-C. albicans mechanism of CDM. Experiments suggested that CDM destroyed the cell membrane of C. albicans, including the cytoplasmic membrane and mitochondrial membrane, and caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction, which ultimately led to apoptosis of C. albicans. In addition, CDM had no toxicity on human normal gastric mucosal epithelial cells exposed to a concentration of 125 μg/mL. Experiments showed that CDM reduced the damage of C. albicans to the visceral tissue of infected mice and improved the survival rate of mice. Our research provides a scientific basis for the discovery of effective and safe anti-C. albicans drugs from H. erinaceus.
Scope
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is rapidly increasing worldwide but prolong use of available corticosteroids treatment is associated with numerous adverse effects. There is the urgent need to develop ...novel therapeutic options. However, this requires the use of suitable disease models, but current models are generated with chemical agents mainly in rodents, which are unable to recapitulate the human occurrence. The aim of this study is to validate the occurrence of spontaneous UC in cynomolgus monkeys and explore the potential of Hericium erinaceus mycelium‐derived polysaccharide in reversing UC pathologies.
Methods and results
Postmortem bowel evaluation and biochemical analysis including inflammatory markers and fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) as well as nutrition status parameters, confirm the non‐artificial induced spontaneous occurrence of UC in cynomolgus monkeys. Subsequently, H. erinaceus mycelium‐derived polysaccharide supplementation significantly attenuates UC pathologies, improves nutritional status, reduces the incidence of diarrhea, and reduces inflammation in UC monkeys. Importantly, the polysaccharides administration enhances intestinal function and reshapes the gut microbiota.
Conclusion
The study confirms the spontaneous UC monkeys can closely mimic the occurrence of UC in humans. Moreover, H. erinaceus mycelium‐derived polysaccharide can effectively restore UC in monkeys, which show the prospects as precision nutritional supplement for the management of UC.
Spontaneous ulcerative colitis (UC) monkeys was first screened from monkey groups. Subsequently, Hericium erinaceus mycelium polysaccharide is used to supplement UC monkeys. The study finds that such polysaccharide significantly alleviates UC in cynomolgus monkeys and remodels gut microbiota. More importantly, the polysaccharide also improves UC monkeys nutritional status, which may related to the increment of relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter_smithii.
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