This Open Access book presents an international group of scholars seeking to understand how youth from different cultures relate to modern multidimensional concepts of citizenship, and the roles that ...education and society have in shaping the views of the world’s future citizens. The book also explores how different aspects of citizenship, such as attitudes towards diverse population groups and concerns for social issues, relate to classical definitions of norm-based citizenship from the political sciences. Authors from Asia, Europe, and Latin America provide a series of in-depth investigations into how concepts of “good citizenship” are shaped in different regions of the globe, using the rich comparative data from the IEA’s International Civic and Citizenship Study (ICCS) 2016. In twelve chapters, the authors review the concept of “good citizenship”; how citizenship norms adherence is configured into profiles across countries; and what country, school, and background factors are related to how students adhere to citizenship norms. Recognizing contingent social and political situations in specific regions of the world, the present books offer six chapters where authors apply their expertise to offer locally relevant and pertinent observations on how young people from diverse cultures understand and relate to different dimensions of citizenship in countries of Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The present book is of relevance for different audiences interested in civic education and political socialization, including social sciences and education, integrating topics from political science, sociology, political psychology, and law.
Adolescents’ political socialization is crucial for their future political participation. Little research has examined this relationship and the importance of citizenship self-efficacy in an Asian ...context. This study focused on the effectiveness of Korean adolescents’ political socialization and self-efficacy on their expected electoral participation. Data from Korean 8
th
graders participating in the 2016 International Civic and Citizenship Education Study were examined (
N
= 2601;
M
age
= 14.02; 46% female). Political socialization included open classroom discussion, active learning strategies, and formal citizenship education. The result showed that citizenship self-efficacy is the most important predictor for Korean adolescents’ future engagement, but open classroom discussion is not significant. It indicates that citizenship education needs to consider countries’ social and cultural contexts.
Since the introduction of super-resolution microscopy, there has been growing interest in quantifying the nanoscale spatial distributions of fluorescent probes to better understand cellular processes ...and their interactions. One way to check if distributions are correlated or not is to perform colocalization analysis of multi-color acquisitions. Among all the possible methods available to study and quantify the colocalization between multicolor images, there is image cross-correlation spectroscopy (ICCS). The main advantage of ICCS, in comparison with other co-localization techniques, is that it does not require pre-segmentation of the sample into single objects. Here we show that the combination of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) with ICCS (SIM-ICCS) is a simple approach to quantify colocalization and measure nanoscale distances from multi-color SIM images. We validate the SIM-ICCS analysis on SIM images of optical nanorulers, DNA-origami-based model samples containing fluorophores of different colors at a distance of 80 nm. The SIM-ICCS analysis is compared with an object-based analysis performed on the same samples. Finally, we show that SIM-ICCS can be used to quantify the nanoscale spatial distribution of functional nuclear sites in fixed cells.
Purpose
This study aimed to identify a specific taxonomy of entry modes for international construction contractors and to develop a decision-making mechanism based on case-based reasoning (CBR) to ...facilitate the selection of the most suitable entry modes.
Design/methodology/approach
According to the experience orientation of the construction industry, a CBR entry mode decision model was established, and based on successful historical cases, a two-step refinement process was carried out to identify similar situations. Then the validity of the model is proved by case analysis.
Findings
This study identified an entry mode taxonomy for international construction contractors (ICCs) and explored their decision-making mechanisms. First, a two-dimension model of entry mode for ICCs was constructed from ownership and value chain dimensions; seven common ICC entry modes were identified and ranked according to market commitment. Secondly, this study reveals the impact mechanism of the ICC entry mode from two aspects: the external environment and enterprise characteristics. Accordingly, an entry mode decision model is established.
Practical implications
Firstly, sorting out the categories of entry mode in the construction field, which provide an entry mode list for ICCs to select. Secondly, revealing the impact mechanism of ICC entry mode, which proposes a systematic decision-making system for the selection of ICC entry mode. Thirdly, constructing a CBR entry mode decision-making model from an empirical perspective, which offers tool support and reduces transaction costs in the decision-making process.
Originality/value
The study on entry modes for ICCs is still in the preliminary exploratory stage. The authors investigate the entry mode categories and decision-making mechanisms for ICCs based on Uppsala internationalization process theory. It widens the applied scope of Uppsala and promotes cross-disciplinary integration. In addition, the authors creatively propose a two-stage retrieval mechanism in the CBR model, which considers the order of decision variables. It refines the influence path of the decision variables on ICCs' entry mode.
The aim of the study is to explore the clinical value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) derived from the readout segmentation of long variable echo trains (RESOLVE) technique for ...identifying clinicopathologic features of distal rectal cancer and correlations between ADC and Ki-67 expression.
The data of 112 patients with a proven pathology of distal rectal cancer who underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging were retrospectively analyzed. The mean ADC value was measured using the "full-layer and center" method. Differences in ADC values and Ki-67 expression in different clinical stages, pathological types, and tumor differentiation were compared using analysis of variance. Correlations between ADC value and clinicopathologic features were assessed using Spearman correlation analysis.
Interobserver agreement of confidence levels from 2 radiologists was excellent for ADC measurement ( k = 0.85). Patients with a lower clinical stage, well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and a higher possibility of mucinous adenocarcinoma exhibited a positive correlation with higher ADC values, but these factors were negatively correlated with Ki-67 expression (all P < 0.05). We found that ADC value was negatively correlated with Ki-67 expression ( r = -0.62, P < 0.001).
The ADC value generated by RESOLVE sequences was significantly associated with clinicopathologic features and Ki-67 expression in patients with distal rectal cancer in this study. Thus, the ADC value could be considered a new noninvasive imaging biomarker that could be helpful in predicting the biological properties of distal rectal cancer.
The International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) studies are intercontinental studies on the civic education of youth from Asia, Europe, and Latin America. Before we engage in ...comparative studies on youth from different world regions, we must first establish the equivalency of the scales and items within the databases. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of differential functioning on the Attitudes Towards Neighborhood Diversity 10‐item scale in the Latin American module within the ICCS 2009 database for youth from Colombia, Guatemala, and Chile. We first examined the unidimensionality of the scale within each country by assessing configural invariance. Of countries that demonstrated at least adequate fit for configural invariance, we proceeded to examine differential functioning at the item and scale levels. Findings demonstrated that configural invariance held for Chile and Guatemala only. While differential functioning was present on nine of the 10 items between Chile and Guatemala, in all cases the amounts were negligible. There was no differential functioning on the overall scale. Whilst equivalency holds for certain countries on certain scales, in other cases it did not. Thus scholars may consider scale refinement methods before making comparative analyses.
•Civic education is associated with a wide range of civic attitudes teenage students develop.•Relevant educational approaches include formal civic learning, school democracy and community work.•An ...open classroom climate is particularly important in promoting civic attitudes.•To develop positive civic attitudes, students need to acquire a sense of civic self-efficacy.•Civic knowledge has a negative association with some attitudes and a positive association with others.
This article explores the diverse associations between different educational approaches in civic and citizenship education and a number of civic attitudes and behaviours, including citizenship, expected participation and attitudes towards equal rights, among teenage students in 13 European countries. The results obtained using the 2016 International Civic and Citizenship Survey (ICCS) show that all three educational approaches identified (formal civic learning, school democracy and active community involvement) are related to what students think and how they feel about civic and citizenship issues, although the role of each approach varies considerably across the different civic attitudes and behaviours. Furthermore, students’ civic and citizenship knowledge shows somewhat controversial associations with the various attitudes and behaviours discussed here, while civic self-efficacy is consistently positively related to them.
The evolution of citizenship norms is considered a driving force behind changing political processes in contemporary democracies. Competing expectations have emerged on this topic: a ‘citizen ...engagement’ argument anticipates an increase in norms that emphasize engaged and expressive values, while a ‘democratic erosion’ argument expects an increase in traditional and even authoritarian values. With a theoretical focus on individual-level citizenship norms, we analyze uniquely high-quality cross-national data on adolescents in 14 diverse countries in 1999, 2009 and 2016. We integrate recently developed innovations in latent class analysis that have not yet been implemented in applied research by using a two-step estimator for multilevel latent class models with measurement equivalence testing. The findings confirm expectations of the existence of both ‘engaged’ and ‘duty-based’ citizenship norms, but the stability in the prevalence of these norms contrasts expectations in the literature. The findings also identify additional normative types that do change in prevalence over time—namely, decreased prevalence of a ‘mainstream’ norm that parallels mean societal scores, along with increased prevalence of both a ‘maximalist’ high-scoring group and a ‘subject’ low-scoring group. The results regarding over-time change provide partial support for both the citizen engagement and democratic erosion arguments, and highlight the importance of robust measurement of these concepts to contribute to the debate of evolving global trends in citizenship norms. We conclude by discussing how the multilevel latent class modeling approach used in this article can be applied to related topics to better understand changing relationships between citizens and democratic systems.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare blood disorder characterized by chronic intravascular hemolysis, thromboses in unusual sites and cytopenias related to bone marrow failure. The ...diagnosis is based on the Flow Cytometric (FCM) detection of peripheral blood cell clones lacking the surface molecules linked to the GPI anchor, which is altered by mutations. Consensus studies have developed standardized and robust multicolor FCM assays to disclose PNH clones among red cells, neutrophils and monocytes at a high level of sensitivity and accuracy. High-resolution procedures have been also established to detect small PNH clones at a sensitivity level of around 0.01% in red cells and neutrophils. Cell clone type and size have been put into correlation with the clinical presentations of the associated diseases, and recommendations for the clinical follow-up have been established. The recent advent of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody Eculizumab has dramatically improved both the quality of life and the life expectancy of the affected patients, further increasing the importance of an accurate FCM detection and monitoring of the clones. The technical features of the FCM diagnostic workup and the many critical aspects of the analytical process are discussed here.
This paper explores whether interreligious dialogue (IRD) is employed by state actors that may be perceived as authoritarian as a form of window dressing, or dialogue washing. Two examples are ...chosen, the King Abdullah International Centre for Intercultural and Interreligious Dialogue (KAICIID), and Singapore's International Conference on Cohesive Societies (ICCS). It is argued that such examples exemplify IRD as track 1.5 diplomacy, and the context means they veer towards performing dialogue as social cohesion. While criticisms of each are raised, it is argued that the accusation of dialogue-washing is unfounded and that useful IRD, social cohesion, or peacebuilding work emerges from each which accords with the interests of the countries involved and aligns with the nature of IRD under track 1.5 diplomacy.
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