COVID-19 is the pandemic caused by one of the coronaviruses. This virus was not known before the outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. By January of 2020 it was declared to be a global human ...health crisis. The deaths and illnesses caused by the virus caused extensive fear and anxiety among people in all societies. The pandemic slowed economic activities nearly to a halt. The challenges of how companies should respond to the disruptions in their supply chains and how they can build more resilient systems, must be systematically addressed. The authors of this paper highlighted essential factors which can help companies to overcome this crisis and other types of crises, by learning from the approaches taken in India, which has a unique and diverse economic system. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was used to identify the essential factors which can help companies to improve their resilience so they can recover during and after the COVID-19 pandemic era and potentially in other similar complex crises. The results of the AHP evaluation were prioritized by performing a sensitivity analysis to prioritise the essential factors. The “Role of governance” was found to be the most important factor that can be used to help in rebuilding industries and societies and in helping them to become more resilient to future severe shocks. The results of this research were used to develop recommendations for company managers, practitioners and policy-makers. The authors hope that this advice will help India to become a stronger nation with more resilient companies, which are better prepared to anticipate and to respond to future crises. We hope people in other nations will also benefit from the finding presented in this paper.
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•Factors influencing rebuilding resilient industries and societies are proposed.•Focus is on measures to avoid disruption in supply chain in Indian context.•The ranking framework is developed using AHP followed by sensitivity analysis.•Role of governance reported highest rank indicating its importance in post COVID era.•Policy implications are derived to build resilient nation, which can face shocks.
When does social pressure in the form of "naming and shaming" induce states to concede their prerogatives by providing potentially compromising information to international organizations (IOs)? We ...provide answers to that question in what we believe is the first systematic study of the impact of social pressure on state reporting practices, as an act of member procedural compliance. We develop related hypotheses by drawing on realist theory and theories of social pressure and test them, in the 1992-2011 period, by analyzing government reporting on multiple conventions to the International Labour Organization (ILO). We find that governments tend to respond negatively to ILO "naming" (as we define it) for some, but not all, ILO conventions. More specifically, we conclude that governments tend to resist reporting on domestic social conditions-here, related to inequality, discrimination, and exploitation-but more readily report on issues (conventions) that are tied directly to the ILO's core mission, where government culpability is also clearer. We conclude further that shaming-by "shortlisting" governments and holding them to account in public sessions-boosts compliance on some issues.
¿Cuándo la presión social en forma de denuncia pública induce a los estados a ceder sus prerrogativas proporcionando información potencialmente comprometedora a las organizaciones internacionales (OI)? Respondemos a esta pregunta por medio de lo que creemos que es el primer estudio sistemático sobre el impacto de la presión social en las prácticas de información de los estados, como un acto de cumplimiento de los procedimientos por parte de los miembros. Desarrollamos hipótesis relacionadas partiendo de la teoría realista y las teorías de la presión social, y poniéndolas a prueba en el período 1992-2011, y analizamos los informes gubernamentales sobre múltiples convenciones destinados la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). Descubrimos que los gobiernos tienden a responder negativamente a la "denominación" de la OIT (como la definimos nosotros) con respecto a algunos, no todos, los convenios de la OIT. Más específicamente, llegamos a la conclusión de que los gobiernos tienden a resistirse a informar sobre las condiciones sociales internas (en este caso, relacionadas con la desigualdad, la discriminación y la explotación), pero informan más fácilmente sobre cuestiones (convenciones) que están directamente relacionadas con la misión principal de la OIT, donde la culpabilidad del gobierno está también más clara. Concluimos, además, que la denuncia pública, al "preseleccionar" a los gobiernos y exigirles que rindan cuentas en las sesiones públicas, impulsa el cumplimiento de algunas cuestiones.
À quels moments la pression sociale prenant la forme d'un « name and shame » incite-t-elle des États à faire des concessions sur leurs prérogatives en fournissant des informations potentiellement compromettantes aux organisations internationales (OI) ? Nous apportons des réponses à cette question dans ce que nous pensons être la première étude systématique de l'impact de la pression sociale sur les pratiques de déclaration des États en tant qu'acte de conformité procédurale des membres. Nous avons développé des hypothèses associées en nous appuyant sur la théorie réaliste et sur les théories de la pression sociale et nous les avons mises à l'épreuve sur la période 1992-2011 en analysant les déclarations gouvernementales communiquées à à l'Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) à l'occasion de plusieurs conventions. Nous avons constaté que les gouvernements avaient tendance à réagir négativement au « name » de l'OIT (tel que nous l'avons défini) pour certaines de ses conventions, mais pas pour toutes. Plus précisément, nous concluons que les gouvernements ont tendance à résister à l'idée de rendre compte des conditions sociales nationales - ici liées à l'inégalité, à la discrimination et à l'exploitation - mais qu'ils rendent plus facilement compte des questions (conventions) qui sont directement liées à la mission fondamentale de l'OIT, où la culpabilité du gouvernement est par ailleurs plus claire. Nous concluons en outre que le « shame » - qui intervient en « présélectionnant » des gouvernements et en leur demandant des comptes lors de séances publiques - améliore la conformité relative à certaines questions.
This open access book explores the role of the ILO (International Labour Organization) in building global social governance from multiple and mutually complementary perspectives. It explores the ...impact of this UN´s oldest agency, founded in 1919, on the transforming world of work in a global setting, providing insights into the unique history and functions of the ILO as an organization and the evolution of workers’ rights through international labour standards stemming from its regulatory mechanism. The book examines the persistent dilemma of balancing the benefits of globalization with the protection of workers. It critically assesses the challenges that emerge when international labour standards are implemented and enforced in highly diverse regulatory frameworks in international, regional, national and local contexts. The book also identifies feasible ways to achieve more inclusive labour protection, putting into perspective the tension between the economic and the social in the ILO’s second century of operation. It includes reflections on the work of the ILO World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalisation by Tarja Halonen, who as President of Finland co-chaired the Commission with Benjamin William Mkapa, President of Tanzania. Written by distinguished experts and scholars in the fields of international labour law and international law, the book provides an insightful and in-depth analysis of the role of the ILO as an international organization devoted to decent work and social justice. It also sheds light on tripartism and its particular role in the work of the ILO, examining the challenges that a profoundly changing working life presents in terms of labour protection and social justice, and examining the transnational dimension of labour law. Lastly, the book includes a postscript by Nobel economics laureate Professor Joseph E. Stiglitz.
This study examined physicians’ participation and performance in the examinations administered by the Asian Intensive Reader of Pneumoconiosis (AIR Pneumo) program from 2008 to 2020 and compared ...radiograph readings of physicians who passed with those who failed the examinations. Demography of the participants, participation trends, pass/fail rates, and proficiency scores were summarized; differences in reading the radiographs for pneumoconiosis of physicians who passed the examinations and those who failed were evaluated.By December 2020, 555 physicians from 20 countries had taken certification examinations; the number of participants increased in recent years. Reported background specialty training and work experience varied widely. Passing rate and mean proficiency score for participants who passed were 83.4% and 77.6 ± 9.4 in certification, and 76.8% and 88.1 ± 4.5 in recertification examinations. Compared with physicians who passed the examinations, physicians who failed tended to classify test radiographs as positive for pneumoconiosis and read a higher profusion; they likely missed large opacities and pleural plaques and had a lower accuracy in recognizing the shape of small opacities. Findings suggest that physicians who failed the examination tend to over-diagnose radiographs as positive for pneumoconiosis with higher profusion and have difficulty in correctly identifying small opacity shape.
The industry of shipping has been integral to human civilisation since its inception, and continue to be essential today. In fact, the vast majority of international trade, approximately 97%, is ...conducted through waterways. Seafarers are a vital part of this process, playing a critical role in ensuring the smooth operation of the global supply chain. Despite their importance, seafarers have historically not been granted fundamental rights. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) attempted to address this issue with a series of conventions and treaties between 1920 and 1996, but these legal instruments failed to produce the desired results. The "Maritime Labour Convention 2006" (MLC-2006) is a landmark convention that went into effect on 20th August 2013. It incorporates all previous ILO instruments and is regarded as the "fourth pillar" of the international maritime legal system, alongside SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW, and the "Seafarers' Bill of Rights." The aim of this study is to evaluate the MLC-2006 from the standpoint of human rights in order to determine whether it genuinely preserves seafarers' rights as a charter of rights because some believe it is an intentional attempt to restrict competitive advantage. Nonetheless, the MLC-2006's zero-favourable treatment concept creates a "level playing field" and a barrier to biased competition for every state in the worldwide maritime sector. In conclusion, this study evaluates the MLC-2006's impact on seafarers' rights and contributes to the on-going discussion around this important issue.
The challenges for work health and safety (WHS) posed by global supply chains (GSCs) are well known. In a comprehensive review of the literature on the effectiveness of private and public regulatory ...measures upon relations within and around these chains, this article explores ways to improve prevention practices and their outcomes for WHS. It concludes there are a range of regulatory approaches utilised to achieve improvements but to be effective they require politically supported interventions and better orchestration at global and national levels. Whether, as recent literature suggests, the 2022 amendment adding WHS to the International Labour Organization’s Declaration of Fundamental Principles and Rights is able to serve as a catalyst for this remains to be seen. Without such support and the political will to drive interventions, however, the analysis suggests that the current operational weaknesses of regulatory approaches to supporting WHS in GSCs are unlikely to be remedied.
Durante el verano de 2017, en la Caleta de Puerto Inglés de la ciudad de Ilo-región Moquegua-Perú, se determinó la estructura comunitaria del macrozoobentos. Para los muestreos se utilizaron ...transectos perpendiculares a la línea costera en el nivel mesolitoral e infralitoral de sustrato arenoso. Se empleó la metodología del cilindro Penchaszadeh y se determinó la riqueza específica, abundancia y distribución vertical del macrozoobentos. Al analizar la composición taxonómica de la macrofauna destacó la presencia de tres phyla principales: Mollusca (15 especies), Arthropoda (12 especies) y Annelida (5 especies). Sin embargo, la abundancia por phyla fue inversa, siendo Annelida (69%), Arthropoda (14%) y Mollusca (13.5%) los grupos que tuvieron mayor abundancia. Se determinó la diversidad a cada estrato de muestreo a través de los índices de Shannon – Weaver (H'), Equidad de Pielou (J') y Simpson (λ). Además, se comparó la estructura comunitaria de cada estrato de muestreo mediante los índices de Similitud de BrayCurtis, análisis de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (nMDS) y curvas de K-dominancia.
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