In this paper, we provide statistical evidence that the level of solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere (SW‐M‐I) coupling is weaker under radial (Sun‐Earth component dominant) interplanetary magnetic ...field (IMF) conditions than non‐radial IMF conditions. This is performed by analyzing auroral electrojet activity (using SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices) in the sunlit and dark ionospheres for long‐duration (at least 4 hr) radial IMF events and comparing against the same for long‐duration azimuthal (dusk‐dawn component dominant) IMF events. We show that the north‐south IMF component (IMF Bz) plays a crucial role in controlling the level of auroral electrojet activity as a negative half‐wave rectifier even for both IMF orientation categories. However, it is found that the magnitudes of the auroral electrojet indices are generally lower for radial IMF than for azimuthal IMF under similar sets of solar wind (radial bulk velocity and number density) and IMF Bz conditions, regardless of whether these indices are derived in the sunlit or dark regions. Moreover, the efficiency of coupling functions is lower for radial IMF than for azimuthal IMF, implying that increased coupling strength due to the azimuthal IMF component alone cannot well explain weaker auroral electrojets during radial IMF periods. Lastly, the contribution of the radial IMF component itself to auroral electrojet activity is also lower compared to the azimuthal IMF component. Our results suggest that the level of SW‐M‐I coupling characterized by auroral electrojet activity can be modulated by the radial IMF component, although the effect of this component is weaker than the other two IMF components.
Plain Language Summary
The ionospheric electric current that flows along the auroral oval, called the auroral electrojet, is one of the manifestations of solar wind energy transfer into the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system via magnetic reconnection processes between the interplanetary and terrestrial magnetic field lines. Previous studies mainly focused on the role of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation in the plane perpendicular to the Sun‐Earth line (approximately solar wind flow direction) in controlling auroral electrojet activity, based on the dayside magnetopause magnetic field topology viewed from the Sun. In this study, we turn our attention to auroral electrojet activity under radial (nearly parallel to the Sun‐Earth line) IMF conditions by statistically examining the SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices for radial IMF intervals and comparing them with those for non‐radial IMF intervals under similar sets of interplanetary conditions. Our statistical results reveal that both the auroral electrojet intensity and the coupling efficiency between interplanetary and auroral electrojet parameters are lower under radial IMF conditions than non‐radial IMF conditions. These findings indicate that the radial component of the IMF can modulate the level of solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling, although its effect is weaker than the other IMF components.
Key Points
Auroral electrojet intensity is typically lower for radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) than for azimuthal IMF under similar IMF Bz and solar wind conditions
Increased coupling strength due to IMF By alone cannot well explain weaker auroral electrojets during radial IMF compared to azimuthal IMF
The level of solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling can be modulated by the radial IMF component as well as the other two IMF components
The financial benefits of the IMF Age F. P. Bakker; Martijn A. Schrijvers
PSL quarterly review,
04/2012, Letnik:
53, Številka:
214
Journal Article
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The IMF provides loans to countries in financial distress at a relatively low interest rate. In this article we calculate how much the seven largest debtors to the IMF have saved on interest payments ...during the Asian crisis and its aftermath. We explain how the IMF can charge these low interest rates and at what cost for creditor countries. The conditionality attached to the use of IMF resources in the form of policy measures reduces moral hazard behaviour; we argue that this is a better instrument than raising interest rates on IMF loans. JEL Codes: F34, F32, F33, O16
Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is mainly determined by intramuscular preadipocyte adipogenesis. Epigenetic modifications are known to have a regulatory effect on IMF. As N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is ...the most abundant epigenetic modification in eukaryotic RNAs. In the present study, we used m6A methylation and RNA sequencing (seq) to identify the m6A-modified RNAs associated with the adipogenic differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes. Among them, the expression and m6A level of phosphorylase kinase subunit G1 (PHKG1) were found to be significantly changed during adipogenesis. Further studies revealed that knockdown of the methylase METTL3 decreased the m6A methylation of PHKG1 and led to a reduction in PHKG1. Moreover, knockdown of PHKG1 promoted adipogenic differentiation by upregulating the expression of adipogenic genes. In addition, we found that the IMF content in the longissimus thoracis (LT) of Bamei (BM) pigs was greater than that in Large White (LW) pigs, whereas the m6A and PHKG1 expression levels were lower in BM pigs. These findings indicate that the m6A level and expression of PHKG1 were significantly correlated with IMF content and meat quality. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the mechanism by which m6A modification regulates IMF deposition.
People must be well-informed on market swings in today's difficult economic times in order to cut excessive spending. Rising expenditures in a variety of sectors, including business, education, and ...healthcare can be burdensome for consumers, and accurate forecasting of household is necessary given the current technological innovation. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is one of the statistical indicators used to estimate the changes in prices for commodities. Forecasting CPI can assist individuals in developing a plan for making decisions on their daily consumption. This study seeks to develop a SARIMA model for forecasting consumer price indices (CPI) in Tanzania by using data collected from International Monetary Fund (IMF) website from January 2010 to December 2022. Data were evaluated using time series methods such as time plots and stationarity tests. It was discovered that there is seasonality in the CPI index. However, a serial correlogram test was performed using a residual correlogram after which the variable was estimated using the SARIMA model and SARIMA (0, 1, 0) (1, 1, 1)12 was fitted to the time series variable. The residual analysis was explored and because almost all correlations are zero, the SARIMA (1,1,1) (0,1,2)12 model was appropriate for forecasting CPI index in Tanzania. Consumer price index was predicted for the next eighteen months and it has been observed that the trend of CPI is likely to increase in the next eighteen months.
Consumer price index (CPI) is a socioeconomic statistic that tracks changes over time in the average price of consumer goods and services such as household purchases of fuel, transportation, food and ...so on that consumers buy, use, or pay for. The purchasing power of everyone is impacted by rising costs, especially if salaries stay the same. Our ability to purchase more things with our TZS reduces when the CPI increases more quickly than earnings, which has an impact on our cost of living. The aim of this study is to use the CPI monthly data from IMF website for the period from Jan 2010 to Dec 2022 to develop a forecasting model by using Holt Winter’s approach. Holt Winter's model based on four equations and popularly known as Triple exponential smoothing is commonly used in forecasting data with trends and seasonality. Holt Winter’s model is composed of four equations relating to level, trend, seasonal and forecast. The results revealed that the Holt winter’s model with smoothing parameters, 0.9 for level, 0.12 for trend, and 0.03 for seasonal was the best model in forecasting Consumer Price Index. The CPI for Tanzania is predicted for the next eighteen months and it has been observed that the trend of CPI is likely to increase in the next eighteen months.
Past studies have demonstrated that the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By component introduces asymmetries in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) system, though the exact timings involved are ...still unclear with two distinct mechanisms proposed. In this study, we statistically analyze convective flows from three regions of the M‐I system: the magnetospheric lobes, the plasma sheet, and the ionosphere. We perform superposed epoch analyses on the convective flows in response to reversals in the IMF By orientation, to determine the flow response timescales of these regions. We find that the lobes respond quickly and reconfigure to the new IMF By state within 30–40 min. The plasma sheet flows, however, do not show a clear response to the IMF By reversal, at least within 4 hr postreversal. The ionospheric data, measured by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), match their counterpart magnetospheric flows, with clear and prompt responses at ≥75° magnetic latitude (MLAT) but a less pronounced response at 60–70 MLAT. We discuss the potential implication of these results on the mechanisms for introducing the IMF By component into the M‐I system.
Key Points
Flows in the magnetotail lobes respond promptly to changes in the IMF By orientation, reaching a new state within 30–40 min
No clear flow response is detected on timescales of up to 4 hr in the plasma sheet
Ionospheric flows exhibit clear responses at higher latitudes and a less pronounced responses at lower latitudes
The effect of radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF BX ${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{X}}$) has been ignored in the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere (S‐M‐I) coupling. We present a statistical study of ...IMF Bx effects on the Heppner‐Maynard Boundary (HMB) midnight latitude calculated from SuperDARN measurements between January 2002 and December 2017. The HMB represents the equatorward extent of the ionospheric convection pattern and can be used as a proxy for the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval. That is, the HMB expands toward lower latitude when the level of S‐M‐I coupling is enhanced. It is found that the averaged HMB midnight latitudes during both sunward and antisunward radial IMFs are around 64–65° magnetic latitude (MLAT). HMB midnight latitude is negatively correlated with the magnitude of IMF Bx as well as solar wind speed, while no significant trend is found between HMB midnight latitude and IMF Bz or By during radial IMF. For antisunward radial IMF, the relationship between upstream parameters and HMB is more dependent than in sunward radial direction. As the first long‐term statistical study focused on HMB during radial IMF conditions, this work provides observational evidence that the IMF Bx plays an important role in the coupling process and the traditional coupling function could not be applicable in the case of radial IMF.
Plain Language Summary
The magnetic reconnection between solar wind and magnetosphere can drive a convection structure in the high‐latitude ionosphere. Heppner and Maynard developed a method to calculate the equatorward boundary of the ionospheric convection, which is called Heppner‐Maynard Boundary (HMB). HMB could be used as the monitor of the interaction process between the solar wind and geomagnetic field. In this paper, we report the effects of the radial (sunward or antisunward) interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on HMB in the northern hemisphere. For normal cases, the Bz component o IMF is the most important. But our statistical results indicate that there is a decreasing trend between the strength of IMF Bx and HMB latitudes at midnight. No significant trend is found between HMB midnight latitude and IMF Bz or By during radial IMF. Moreover, the results provide observational evidence the Bx term should be considered in the coupling function during radial IMF.
Key Points
The HMB midnight latitude has a negative trend on the IMF Bx, especially for negative IMF Bx
The averaged values of HMB during radial IMFs are larger than those for substorm periods and a long‐term period of 17 years
The traditional coupling function may not be applicable in the case of radial IMF
In this study we use the bow shock crossings contained in the Space Physics Data Facility database, collected by four spacecraft (IMP 8, Geotail, Magion‐4, and Cluster1) to analyze the effect of the ...interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By component on the bow shock position and shape. Although the IMF Bz component is usually considered much more geoeffective than By, we find that the dayside bow shock is more responsive to the eastward component of the IMF than the north‐south one. We believe that the explanation lies in the changes that the Bz component induces on the magnetopause location and shape, which largely compensate the corresponding changes in the dayside bow shock location. In the tail, we find that the bow shock cross section is elongated roughly in the direction perpendicular to the IMF direction, which agrees with earlier modeling studies.
Key Points
The dayside bow shock is more responsive to the eastward component of the IMF than to the north‐south one
As the eastward By increases, the bow shock standoff distance increases, while the flaring angle decreases
The BS tail's cross section is elongated roughly in the direction perpendicular to the IMF, which agrees with earlier modeling studies
In recent years, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has re-emerged as a central actor in global economic governance. Its rhetoric and policies suggest that the organization has radically changed ...the ways in which it offers financial assistance to countries in economic trouble. We revisit two long-standing controversies: Has the policy content of IMF programmes evolved to allow for more policy space? Do these programmes now allow for the protection of labour and social policies? We collected relevant archival material on the IMF's lending operations and identified all policy conditionality in IMF loan agreements between 1985 and 2014, extracting 55,465 individual conditions across 131 countries in total. We find little evidence of a fundamental transformation of IMF conditionality. The organization's post-2008 programmes reincorporated many of the mandated reforms that the organization claims to no longer advocate and the number of conditions has been increasing. We also find that policies introduced to ameliorate the social consequences of IMF macroeconomic advice have been inadequately incorporated into programme design. Drawing on this evidence, we argue that multiple layers of rhetoric and ceremonial reforms have been designed to obscure the actual practice of adjustment programmes, revealing an escalating commitment to hypocrisy.
Influence in weighted committees Kurz, Sascha; Mayer, Alexander; Napel, Stefan
European economic review,
02/2021, Letnik:
132
Journal Article
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Committee decisions on more than two alternatives much depend on the adopted aggregation rule, and so does the distribution of power among committee members. We quantify how different voting methods ...such as pairwise majority votes, plurality voting with or without a runoff, or Borda rule map asymmetric numbers of seats, shares, voting weights, etc. to influence on collective outcomes when individual preferences vary. Generalizations of the Penrose-Banzhaf and Shapley-Shubik power indices are proposed and applied to elections of the IMF Managing Director. Previous analysis of a priori power in binary voting is thus extended to universal social choice rules.
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