The paper is divided into two units. The first analyses the narrative sources and inscriptions carved on epigraphic monuments dated to the 1st century whose content, directly or indirectly, gives an ...insight into the issue of establishing the Roman province of Illyricum. Moreover, the paper discusses different scholarly regarding the problem of dating the origin of the province of Illyricum. The second part of the paper discusses the division of the province of Illyricum into two military units: Illyricum Superius and Illyricum Inferius, i.e., the Roman province of Dalmatia and Pannonia. There are four main hypotheses in scholarship regarding the time when Illyricum was divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia administratively. The oldest hypothesis is that Illyricum was divided during or immediately after the quelling of the Great Illyrian Uprising or Bellum Batonianum (AD 6–9). The second hypothesis is that Illyricum was divided into two provinces at the end of Tiberius’s reign (AD 14–37) at the latest, whereas some scholars believe that it was divided under Claudius (AD 41–54). The fourth hypothesis is that the final formation of the provinces took place under Vespasian (AD 69–79). All these hypotheses were analyzed in detail to what specific narrative sources and inscriptions were analyzed in the first unit? When exactly was Illyricum divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia? What evidence supports each of the four hypotheses regarding the division of Illyricum? provide an answer to this important administrative question regarding Roman provincial history and archaeology.
Flavius Claudius Julianus, often referred to as “Julian the Apostate,” ruled the Roman Empire from early 360 AD until his death in battle on June 26th, 363 AD. Despite his brief reign, Julian ...undertook significant reforms targeting various aspects of public life, including the administration and provincial governance. This paper focuses on his administrative activities in Illyricum, where he resided in 361 AD while campaigning against Constantius II. While facing immediate tactical concerns during his campaign, Julian reportedly engaged in imperial administrative duties within Illyricum, as documented by historian Ammianus Marcellinus and panegyrist Claudius Mamertinus. This research delves into Ammianus’ account to analyze Julian’s administrative acts in Illyricum and subsequently across the Roman Empire.
Cynarin is a derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid and it has biologically active functional groups constituent of some plants and food. We elucidated the antioxidant activity of cynarin by using ...different in vitro condition bioanalytical antioxidant assays like DMPD
*+
, ABTS
*+
,
, DPPH
*
and H
2
O
2
scavenging effects, the total antioxidant influence, reducing capabilities, Fe
2+
chelating and anticholinergic activities. Cynarin demonstrated 87.72% inhibition of linoleic acid lipid peroxidation at 30 µg/mL concentration. Conversely, some standard antioxidants like trolox, α-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) exhibited inhibitions of 90.32, 75.26, 97.61, 87.30%, and opponent peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the identical concentration, seriatim. Also, cynarin exhibited effective DMPD
*+
, ABTS
*+
,
, DPPH
*
, and H
2
O
2
scavenging effects, reducing capabilities and Fe
2+
chelating effects. On the contrary, IC
50
and K
i
parameters of cynarin for acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition were determined as 243.67 nM (r
2
: 0.9444) and 39.34 ± 13.88 nM, respectively. This study clearly showed that cynarin had marked antioxidant, anticholinergic, reducing ability, radical-scavenging, and metal-binding activities.
Matrix projection models occupy a central role in population and conservation biology. Matrix models divide a population into discrete classes, even if the structuring trait exhibits continuous ...variation (e.g., body size). The integral projection model (IPM) avoids discrete classes and potential artifacts from arbitrary class divisions, facilitates parsimonious modeling based on smooth relationships between individual state and demographic performance, and can be implemented with standard matrix software. Here, we extend the IPM to species with complex demographic attributes, including dormant and active life stages, cross‐classification by several attributes (e.g., size, age, and condition), and changes between discrete and continuous structure over the life cycle. We present a general model encompassing these cases, numerical methods, and theoretical results, including stable population growth and sensitivity/elasticity analysis for density‐independent models, local stability analysis in density‐dependent models, and optimal/evolutionarily stable strategy life‐history analysis. Our presentation centers on an IPM for the thistleOnopordum illyricumbased on a 6‐year field study. Flowering and death probabilities are size and age dependent, and individuals also vary in a latent attribute affecting survival, but a predictively accurate IPM is completely parameterized by fitting a few regression equations. Azip archiveof R scripts illustrating our suggested methods is also provided.
In the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome in Rome, a manuscript geographic map of Illyricum is kept, drawn in 1663 by the architect and geographer, Pietro Andrea Buffalini of Rome. ...Cartographic analysis of this map has been carried out on several occasions, and the ecclesiastico-legal and historico-geographic context of its origin analysed. As contribution to previous research on the 1663 map of Illyricum, the depiction of the coast on that map is cartometrically compared with that on geographic maps and nautical charts from the late 16th century and the first half of the 17th. On the basis of these analyses it is confirmed that, with the 1663 map of Illyricum, a qualitative step forward was taken in depicting the northeast coast of the Adriatic. In addition, on the basis of research into available written data sources, it is concluded that Ivan Lučić made a key (co)authorial contribution to the shaping of the geographic content of this manuscript map.
U Papinskom hrvatskom zavodu Sv. Jeronima u Rimu čuva se rukopisna geografska karta Ilirika koju je nacrtao arhitekt i geograf Pietro Andrea Buffalini iz Rima 1663. U više navrata obavljena je kartografska analiza te karte, a analiziran je i crkveno-pravni i povijesno-geografski kontekst njezina nastanka. Kao prilog dosadašnjim istraživanjima karte Ilirika iz 1663. kartometrijski je uspoređen prikaz obale na toj karti s prikazom obale na geografskim i pomorskim kartama s kraja 16. i prve polovine 17. st. Na temelju te analize utvrđeno je da je s kartom Ilirika iz 1663. učinjen kvalitativni iskorak u prikazivanju sjeveroistočne obale Jadrana. K tome, na temelju istraživanja dostupnih pisanih izvora podataka zaključeno je da je Ivan Lučić dao ključni (ko)autorski doprinos u oblikovanju geografskog sadržaja te rukopisne karte.
Currently, many attempts have been made worldwide to isolate compounds from plants that could prevent transmission of HIV and offer new treatments. In this study, the methanolic extract of Onopordum ...illyricum aerial parts was evaluated for the inhibition of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) ribonuclease H (RNase H), an attractive target for the identification of new antiretroviral inhibitors. Using an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated RNase H inhibition assay, the bio-guided fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of seven compounds (luteolin, apigenin, hispidulin, arctiin, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and two germacranes, 8α-(5-hydroxy)-angeloylsalonitenolide and onopordopicrin). Among them, luteolin was the most effective on RNase H RT-associated function (IC
50
of 12.8 μM), followed by 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and apigenin with IC
50
values of 16.9 and 59.6 μM, respectively. Pure compounds were then assayed for their effects also on HIV-1 integrase (IN). 1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, arctiin, onopordopicrin, and luteolin exhibited the most potent inhibition with IC
50
values ranging from 0.50 to 22.5 μM. 1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid was also able to inhibit the early stages of HIV-1 replication in cell-based assays.
The genus Phagnalon Cass., included in the Asteraceae family, has a wide distribution, expanding from Macaronesia in the West to the Himalayas in the East, from South France and Nord Italy to ...Ethiopia and Arabian Peninsula. Various species of Phagnalon have been used in the popular medicine of several countries as medicinal herbs and food. The extracts and the secondary metabolites, have a varied application spectrum at several biological levels, with antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, etc. properties having been reported. The essential oils of four taxa, Phagnalon rupestre, Phagnalon saxatile var. viride, and Phagnalon rupestre subsp. illyricum var. metlesicsii collected in Sicily (Italy), never previously investigated, and of Phagnalon graecum collected in Greece, were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All the oils were very rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons, with β-pinene as main constituent. Chemotaxonomic considerations with respect to all the other oils of Phagnalon taxa were carried out.
Autor raspravlja o pitanju kada je točno Ilirik bio podijeljen na dvije zasebne provincije, Dalmaciju i Panoniju. Posebno se analizira funkcija prepozita (praepositus) koju u svom narativu Velej ...Paterkul pripisuje Valeriju Mesalinu (praepositus Illyrico) i Vibiju Postumu (praepositus Delmatiae), a najveća se pozornost usmjerava na analizu različitih prijepisnih inačica natpisa CIL III 1741 iz Epidaura. Za njega se u stručnoj literaturi bespogovorno smatra da spominje provinciju Gornji Ilirik (Superior provincia Illyricum), zbog čega se i uzimao kao ključni dokaz da je Ilirik bio podijeljen na dvije zasebne provincije već krajem Augustova ili najkasnije početkom Tiberijeva principata. Međutim, epigrafske nelogičnosti općeprihvaćene verzije natpisa te njegove različite prijepisne inačice dovode do sasvim drukčijeg zaključka.
Following the appointment of Perigenes as bishop of Corinth in 419, some Illyrian bishops, upset that this violated the Nicene canon against the translation of bishops and that Boniface I, bishop of ...Rome from 418 to 422, had supported Perigenes's election, secured a law from the eastern emperor, Theodosius II, that judicial appeals were to be heard at Constantinople (Cod. theod. 16.2.45). The innovation that Theodosius condemned was undoubtedly the practice of Illyrian bishops appealing through the bishop of Thessaloniki to Rome, a system that had flourished under several of Boniface's predecessors, as documented in the letters of the Collectio Thessalonicensis. Boniface's response was to enlist the support of Honorius, the western emperor, to appeal to his imperial nephew to reverse this decision as itself being an innovation (Boniface I, Ep. 10). Theodosius agreed (Boniface I, Ep. 11). This article examines the letters concerned in the light of the history of the vicariate of Thessaloniki and Boniface's own relationship with imperial authority, which is demonstrated in the ultimately definitive involvement of Ravenna in settling the electoral controversy that surrounded Boniface's own election in Rome. It argues that the whole Perigenes affair was one of the first examples of what has come to be called papal primacy, in that it was an exercise of ecclesiastical authority over an area that no longer belonged to his supervision, that Honorius complied with Roman episcopal wishes, and that Roman success was dependent upon the personal relationship between imperial uncle and nephew.
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