This work re-examines the perception of the ancient geog-rapher Strabo in relation to the Iapodes as a ‘mixed people’, and places this in the context of current scholarly debates on the ...nature of the identity of pre-historic and proto-historical peoples of the Mediterranean ‘periphery’.
Onopordum L. (Compositae) is an extremely diverse genus of thistles, which includes several species that have become serious pasture weeds in several regions of the world. We present a comparison of ...the genetic diversity in invasive forms of Onopordum from Australia with several known native European species. A total of 108 polymorphic genetic markers was generated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed that Australia contained O. acanthium, O. illyricum and a full range of genetic intermediates between these species. Intermediates largely comprised segregating fragments diagnostic for European O. acanthium and O. illyricum with a low frequency of fragments that were diagnostic for other species never recorded in Australia. The current genetic patterns in Australia may be best explained by a combination of processes, both in the native and in the alien range. These include multiple introductions of seed, including hybrid material, and the continuous dispersal in Australia, leading to an increase in the contact among hybridizing taxa. Such processes appear to have produced more widespread hybridization and introgression in Australian Onopordum than is found in Europe.
Autori razmatraju nekoliko aspekata starog problema
formiranja Ilirika kao rimske provincije u 1. st. pr.
Kr. Dva su pristupa raspravljana u recentnim publikacijama.
Prvi, vijesti antičke ...književnosti, kao i natpisi,
mogu se ponovo preispitati i ovdje se čini prikladnim
ukazati na neke nove pristupe. Drugi, postupno napredovanje
arheoloških istraživanja također je pridonijelo
razumijevanju okolnosti na priobalnom dijelu Ilirika
u 2. i 1. st. pr. Kr. Došlo je do značajne preobrazbe
domaćih zajednica, što je rezultiralo njihovom kulturnom
i ekonomskom integracijom u rimsko-helenistički
svijet. U tom kontekstu, od početka 1. st. pr. Kr. postojao je još jači rimski utjecaj, zajedno s očitim naseljavanjem
Rimljana u regiji. Sada se čini mogućim
detaljnije ispitati proces koji je doveo do integracije
heterogenih entiteta na istočnojadranskoj obali koje je
Rim prethodno podčinio. U ovom slučaju, autori također
raspravljaju o elementima organizacije Ilirika sve
do njegove podjele na dvije provincije (početkom 1.
st. po. Kr.)
We explore the evolution of delayed, size-dependent reproduction
in the monocarpic perennial Onopordum illyricum, using a range
of mathematical models, parameterized with long-term field data.
...Analysis of the long-term data indicated that mortality, flowering,
and growth were age and size dependent. Using mixed models, we estimated
the variance about each of these relationships and
also individual-specific effects. For the field populations,
recruitment was the main density-dependent process, although there
were weak effects of local density on growth and mortality. Using
parameterized growth models, which assume plants grow along a deterministic
trajectory, we predict plants should flower at sizes approximately 50%
smaller than observed in the field. We then develop a simple criterion,
termed the "1-yr look-ahead criterion," based on
equating seed production now with that of next year, allowing for mortality
and growth, to determine at what size a plant should flower. This model
allows the incorporation of variance about the growth function
and individual-specific effects. The model predicts flowering at
sizes approximately double that observed, indicating that variance about
the growth curve selects for larger sizes at flowering. The
1-yr look-ahead approach is approximate because it ignores
growth opportunities more than 1 yr ahead. To assess the accuracy of this
approach, we develop a more complicated dynamic state variable model. Both
models give similar results indicating the utility of the
1-yr look-ahead criterion. To allow for temporal variation in
the model parameters, we used an individual-based model with a
genetic algorithm. This gave very accurate prediction of the observed
flowering strategies. Sensitivity analysis of the model suggested that
temporal variation in the parameters of the growth equation made waiting to
flower more risky, so selected for smaller sizes at flowering. The models
clearly indicate the need to incorporate stochastic variation
in life-history analyses.
The highly oligophagous tephritid Chaetostomella cylindrica infests the flower heads of six genera and ten species of thistles in Lebanon. It predominantly utilizes two hosts occurring in sympatry, ...Notobasis syriaca and Onopordum illyricum. Previous work showed that adult flies emerging from N. syriaca fit more closely the description of the species, particularly with respect to the colour and pattern on the mesonotum; furthermore, significant differences were observed between the aculeus shape and length. This study investigates the biology of the immatures and compares adults from the two host races behaviourally and genetically. Larvae of both races fed in a similar way, with each larva destroying 3-10 achenes; however, the oviposition behaviour of females differed. Females of the Onopordum-associated flies laid an average of three eggs per head, and deposited the eggs glued to each others in a cluster, while females of the Notobasis-associated flies deposited their eggs unattached, usually with one egg per head. Subtle differences were also observed in the post-mating behaviour of adult males. DNA sequencing of an amplified fragment of the mitochondrial NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene revealed 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 622 base pairs. A PCR-RFLP method was developed to distinguish the two host-associated populations. Together with previously published morphometric studies, our data show that C. cylindrica consists of distinct host races, which seem to be reproductively isolated as two separate genetic lineages were observed.
Drawing on the new ways of reading and studying ancient and early medieval sources, this book explores the appearance of the Croat identity in early medieval Dalmatia.
Plants belonging to the Amaryllidaceae contain an exclusive group of alkaloids, known as sources of important biological activities. In the present work, Pancratium illyricum L., a species belonging ...to this family and endemic of Sardinia (Italy), was investigated for its alkaloid content. Fresh bulbs and leaves were processed separately. Standard extraction and purification procedures were applied to obtain fractions and compounds for GC–MS and NMR analysis. In addition to eight already known alkaloids (1–8), 11α-hydroxy-O-methylleucotamine (9) was isolated for the first time and its structure completely determined by one and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. This new galanthamine-type compound exhibited a pronounced in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (IC50=3.5±1.1μM) in comparison to the reference standard galanthamine hydrobromide (IC50=1.5±0.2μM).
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