Mulberry is an important crop plant for the sericulture industry. Here, we report high-quality genome sequence of a cultivated Indian mulberry (Morus indica cv K2) obtained by combining data from ...four different technologies, including Illumina, single-molecule real-time sequencing, chromosome conformation capture and optical mapping, with a gene completeness of 96.5%. Based on the genome sequence, we identified 49.2% of repetitive DNA and 27,435 high-confidence protein-coding genes with >90% of them supported by transcript evidence. A comparative analysis with other plant genomes identified 4.8% of species-specific genes in the M. indica genome. Transcriptome profiling revealed tissue-specific and differential expression across multiple accessions of ~4.7% and 2–5% of protein-coding genes, respectively, implicated in diverse biological processes. Whole genome resequencing of 21 accessions/species revealed ~2.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and ~ 0.2 million insertions/deletions. These data and results provide a comprehensive resource to accelerate the genomics research in mulberry for its improvement.
•We report a high-quality draft genome sequence of Indian mulberry (M. indica) cultivar K2 containing 49.2% repeat content.•We identified a total of 27,435 high-confidence protein-coding genes with >90% of them supported by transcript evidence.•A comparative analysis with other plant genomes and transcriptome profiling identified species- and tissue-specific genes.•The resequencing of 21 accessions/species revealed ~2.5 million SNPs and ~0.2 million InDels for translational genomics.
A rapid economically viable micropropagation protocol has been developed in the present work for Morus indica L. (K-2 cultivar) utilizing the readily available nodal explants. Explants were ...established on different plant growth regulators (PGRs) either individually or in combinations. MS medium containing 1mgL−1 Kinetin (Kin) showed the best shoot multiplication with 4.8±0.23cm average shoot length and 6.5±0.03 number of internodes. Regenerated shoots were elongated in MS medium supplemented with 1.5mgL−1 gibberellic acid (GA3). Elongated shoots cultured in full-strength MS medium supplemented with 1mgL−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for one week and then cultured in half-strength MS proved to be more effective in rooting compared to other PGRs in significantly shorter duration. Micropropagated plants transferred to soil fortified with the quarter-strength of MS salts along with humidity regulation process showed 89% survival frequency. In vitro flowering in the regenerated shoots was also observed in the MS medium supplemented with (1.5mgL−1) Kin and carbon source replaced by commercial sugar cubes. This method can be effectively used for in vitro culture of M. indica in commercial scale owing to its enhanced quality and reduced time frame.
Morinda citrifolia L., commercially known as noni or the Indian mulberry plant, is morphologically variable and the only widely distributed member of the pantropical genus Morinda sensu stricto ...(Rubiaceae). This large distribution has been attributed partly to the ability of the seeds of the large-fruited M. citrifolia L. var. citrifolia L. to be transported by oceanic drifting. This form of M. citrifolia var. citrifolia has been predicted to be the progenitor colonizer of the island endemic Morinda species. Using a phylogenetic approach and large sampling of the widespread, large-fruited M. citrifolia var. citrifolia, we assessed the potential area of origin of M. citrifolia and tested the hypothesis that the large-fruited M. citrifolia var. citrifolia is an ancestral colonizer. Tropics. We performed Bayesian analyses of 22 species of the tribe Morindeae (including 11 individuals of the three currently recognized varieties of M. citrifolia) based on combined nrETS, nrITS, rps16 and trnT-F sequence data. Geographic origins of the studied taxa were mapped onto the Bayesian majority rule consensus tree. Nine sequenced individuals of M. citrifolia from diverse geographic locations formed a highly supported clade, which was sister to the Australo-Micronesian clade that included M. bracteata var. celebica and M. latibracteata. These sister clades are part of the broader Asian, arborescent Morinda clade. We found no support for the current varietal classification of M. citrifolia. Our analyses suggest a Micronesian origin of M. citrifolia. This implies that the large-fruited M. citrifolia var. citrifolia might well have been present in the Pacific before the arrival of the Micronesian and Polynesian ancestors from Southeast Asia. The wide distribution of this form of M. citrifolia var. citrifolia is attributed partly to the trans-oceanic dispersal of its buoyant seeds, self-pollination and its ability to produce flowers and fruits year-round. The hypothesis that the widespread, large-fruited M. citrifolia var. citrifolia is the progenitor colonizer of the island endemic Morinda species is inconsistent with its derived position within the Asian, arborescent Morinda clade and with the fact that the nine sampled individuals of M. citrifolia form a clade.
This study identifies the
Colletotrichum
spp. which cause
Morinda
anthracnose in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. A survey of Indian mulberry plantations was carried out to ascertain the ...identity of isolates associated with
Morinda
anthracnose. These were identified as
C. gloeosporioides
based on morphology and sequencing analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, demonstrating that this species is currently the causal agent of
Morinda
anthracnose in a tropical ecosystem. The pathogenicity test of
C. gloeosporioides
isolates on
Morinda
seedlings for 1 month revealed that the five isolates MC1, MC8, MC2 (1), MC4 and MC12 were pathogenic to the respective host with different levels of anthracnose lesion.
Morinda tinctoria
(Rubiaceae) commonly called as ‘Indian Mulberry’ is one of the avenue trees of historically important Mandore garden planted anthropogenically in the past. Objective of this study ...was to determine the genetic diversity of
M. tinctoria
population at Mandore garden using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. A total of 97 bands were produced from 10 random amplified polymorphic DNA primers (49 bands) and 8 inter simple sequence repeat primers (48 bands). No polymorphic bands were obtained in any accessions using the two methods, which strongly suggested that
M. tinctoria
of this region appear as identical clones. Monomorphic pattern revealed the clonal plantation of
M. tinctoria
in this historical garden. This is the first report on use of molecular markers to infer the ancient plantation history. Consequences of genetically monomorphic population under global climate changes are discussed and conservation strategy is proposed.
Anticlastogenic effect of Asiatic pennywort and Indian mulberry using rodent erythrocyte micronucleus assay Piengchai Kupradinun(National Cancer Institute, Bangkok (Thailand). Research Division. Laboratory Animal Section) E-mail:pkupradi@yahoo.com; Anong Tepsuwan(National Cancer Institute, Bangkok (Thailand). Research Division. Biochemistry and Chemical Carcinogenesis Section); Wannee Kusamran(National Cancer Institute, Bangkok (Thailand). Research Division. Biochemistry and Chemical Carcinogenesis Section)
Wētchasān sattawaphāet,
03/2011
Journal Article
An outbreak of anthracnose on Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia L.) was recorded in Okinawa Prefecture in 2006. Abundant conidial masses formed on the surface of brown spots or zonate brown spots ...on leaves. A Colletotrichum species was isolated from the diseased leaves and stems, and typical symptoms were reproduced after inoculation of either wounded or intact leaves. The causal agent was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides based on morphological characters and growth temperature.
Leaf spots and brown mottled fruit were recorded on Indian mulberry (M. citrifolia L.; Rubiaceae) in Okinawa, Japan during 2007. An Alternaria species was isolated from the diseased leaves and ...fruits, and typical symptoms were reproduced after inoculation of wounded or intact leaves. The causal agent was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler based on morphological characters and growth temperature. This report is the first of Alternaria spot of Indian mulberry caused by A. alternata.
The genus Morinda embraces about 80 species, mostly of Old World origin. M. citrifolia L. (southern Asia-Australia), noted as a source of dye and edible leaves, has buoyant seeds that float for many ...months and commonly appears in the Pacific and also in tropical America where M. royoc L., piña de ratón, is indigenous, inhabits inland hammocks and pinelands as well as seacoasts, and is also one of the floating-seed morindas. There are brief references to its use for dyeing in the Cayman Islands and Yucatan. Both M. citrifolia and M. royoc have sundry folk-remedy uses. M. parvifolia Bartl. has antitumor/antileukemic activity. High intake of selenium by M. reticulata Benth. has poisoned horses in Australia. In the Philippines, there is new interest in the wood of M. citrifolia. It is hard and of beautiful grain. /// El género Morinda abarca alrededor de 80 especies. La mayoría se origina en el Viejo Mundo. M. citrifolia (sur de Asia hasta Australia) conocida como fuente de tinte y hojas comestibles. Tiene semillas boyantes que flotan por muchos meses y comúnmente aparecen en el Pacífico como también en América tropical donde M. royoc L., piña de ratón, es indígena; habita en hamacas y bosques de pino poco adentro del país, como también en ciertas costas del mar. Es una de las morindas de semillas-flotantes. Hay notas breves en la literatura sobre su uso en tintorería en las Cayman Islands y Yucatan. La M. citrifolia y la M. royoc ambos poseen algunos usos en medicina folklórica. La M. parvifolia posee actividad antitumor/antileukemico. La alta absorción de selenio en la M. reticulata ha causado envenenamiento en caballos en Australia. En las Filipinas hay nuevo interés en madera de la M. citrifolia. Es dura y de fibra bonita.
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