Networks and States Mueller, Milton L
2010, 20100903, 2019-05-22, 20100101
eBook
How institutions for Internet governance are emerging from the tension between the territorially bound nation-state and a transnational network society.
As seen in "a NULL" Wired and "a NULL" Time
A revealing look at how negative biases against women of color are embedded in search engine results and algorithms
Run a Google search for "black ...girls"-what will you find? "Big Booty" and other sexually explicit terms are likely to come up as top search terms. But, if you type in "white girls," the results are radically different. The suggested porn sites and un-moderated discussions about "why black women are so sassy" or "why black women are so angry" presents a disturbing portrait of black womanhood in modern society.
In Algorithms of Oppression, Safiya Umoja Noble challenges the idea that search engines like Google offer an equal playing field for all forms of ideas, identities, and activities. Data discrimination is a real social problem; Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of Internet search engines, leads to a biased set of search algorithms that privilege whiteness and discriminate against people of color, specifically women of color.
Through an analysis of textual and media searches as well as extensive research on paid online advertising, Noble exposes a culture of racism and sexism in the way discoverability is created online. As search engines and their related companies grow in importance-operating as a source for email, a major vehicle for primary and secondary school learning, and beyond-understanding and reversing these disquieting trends and discriminatory practices is of utmost importance.
An original, surprising and, at times, disturbing account of bias on the internet, Algorithms of Oppression contributes to our understanding of how racism is created, maintained, and disseminated in the 21st century.
Safiya Noble discusses search engine bias in an interview with USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
Computers have changed not just the way we work but the way we love. Falling in and out of love, flirting, cheating, even having sex online have all become part of the modern way of living and ...loving. Yet we know very little about these new types of relationship. How is an online affair where the two people involved may never see or meet each other different from an affair in the real world? Is online sex still cheating on your partner? Why do people tell complete strangers their most intimate secrets? What are the rules of engagement? Will online affairs change the monogamous nature of romantic relationships? These are just some of the questions Professor Aaron Ben Ze'ev, distinguished writer and academic, addresses in this 2004 book, a full-length study of love online. Accessible, shocking, entertaining, enlightening, this book will change the way you look at cyberspace and love forever.
An exploration of the modalities, affective intensities, and disturbing qualities of online pornography.
Digital production tools and online networks have dramatically increased the general ...visibility, accessibility, and diversity of pornography. Porn can be accessed for free, anonymously, and in a seemingly endless range of niches, styles, and formats. In Carnal Resonance, Susanna Paasonen moves beyond the usual debates over the legal, political, and moral aspects of pornography to address online porn in a media historical framework, investigating its modalities, its affect, and its visceral and disturbing qualities. Countering theorizations of pornography as emotionless, affectless, detached, and cold, Paasonen addresses experiences of porn largely through the notion of affect as gut reactions, intensities of experience, bodily sensations, resonances, and ambiguous feelings. She links these investigations to considerations of methodology (ways of theorizing and analyzing online porn and affect), questions of materiality (bodies, technologies, and inscriptions), and the evolution of online pornography.
Paasonen dicusses the development of online porn, focusing on the figure of the porn consumer, and considers user-generated content and amateur porn. She maps out the modality of online porn as hyperbolic, excessive, stylized, and repetitive, arguing that literal readings of the genre misunderstand its dynamics and appeal. And she analyzes viral videos and extreme and shock pornogaphy, arguing for the centrality of disgust and shame in the affective dynamics of porn. Paasonen's analysis makes clear the crucial role of media technologies—digital production tools and networked communications in particular—in the forms that porn takes, the resonances it stirs, and the experiences it makes possible.
Esta investigación tiene como objeto de estudio el tratamiento de los datos personales en el proceso penal colombiano. Específicamente se analiza la diligencia del artículo 236 del código de ...procediendo penal, la recuperación de información dejada al navegar por internet en dispositivos electrónicos; se estudia la incidencia que tiene en la protección a la intimidad y privacidad de las personas, haciendo una crítica a las posiciones de la corte constitucional y corte suprema de justicia de lo que en la sociedad moderna se debe considerar, lo que es un teléfono celular y cómo en estos dispositivos electrónicos se pueden realizar hallazgos de datos personales.
This investigation has as object of study the subject of the personal data in the Colombian criminal process the diligence of the article 236 code of penal procedure is analyzed, the information retrieval is allowed to browse the internet in the electronic devices, the incidence that the protection of privacy and privacy of people, protection of justice and privacy. Electronic devices can be made personal data findings
Por ejemplo, en las tres mencionadas en francés, se omitió el nombre del autor, aunque en algunos ejemplares que se conservan en diferentes bibliotecas del mundo o a la venta por la Internet, los ...anónimos lectores contemporáneos o posteriores identificaron a Bougeant como tal en una nota a mano en la portada (Fig. 1). Las ediciones parisinas incluyen la aprobación y el privilegio, en cambio la de La Haya sólo tiene la aprobación, y las traducciones inglesas no contienen ningún paratexto, aunque en la portada incluyen información adicional relevante, pues no sólo atribuyen la autoría al jesuíta francés, sino que afirman que para el momento de esas ediciones estaba "confinado en La Fleche3 a causa de este trabajo" (Fig. 2). En 1740 el mismo editor inglés imprimió en Londres una segunda edición "corregida", con un añadido en el título: A Philosophical Amusement Upon the Language of Beasts and Birds (Fig. 3). Esta edición es la única que identifica a la misteriosa "Madame C" como la "Duchesse de Chaulnes",4 aunque es difícil comprobar esta identificación (Fig. 4). En 1783 se imprimió de nuevo en francés, con un peculair pie de imprenta "A Pékin; et se trouve à Paris" (Fig. 5). Como ya se dijo, el libro causó polémica, y un ejemplo de las réplicas es la obra escrita por el inglés John Hildrop, titulada Free Thoughts Upon the Brutecreation; or, An Examination of Father Bougeanťs Philosophical Amusement, in Two Fetters to a Eady, impreso en Londres en 1742, y reeditada en 1751 (Fig. 6). Y en 1737 se imprimió una segunda edición en dos tomos (Fig. 7). También, en 1740, se imprimió un texto anónimo, sin licencias, paratextos ni pie de imprenta, con un título similar al de la controvertida obra de Bougeant: Eeflexions Sur E'Ame Des Bestes, en Forme D'Amusemens Philosophiques, que en el ejemplar disponible en la Internet en Google Books, se le atribuye, en una anotación manuscrita, a él.5 (Fig. 8) Esta obra resulta interesante ya que no sólo aborda el mismo tema y está escrita en el mismo tono satírico, sino que sigue idéntica estrategia epistolar en la que la destinataria es también una mujer no identificada, e incluso la estructura, con la diferencia de que el misterioso autor de esta obra la divide en cuatro partes: "De qué están hechos los animales", "Si los animales tienen un alma", "Si los animales sufren" y "Si los animales sufren con justicia". Pues que en 1788 el Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición de Mexico llevó a cabo un proceso contra varios vecinos de la ciudad por el delito de proposiciones heréticas, a raíz de la lectura y discusión de un manuscrito anónimo en castellano titulado Discurso filosófico sobre el lenguaje de los animaler (Fig. 9), que es la única traducción castellana de la que se tiene noticia de la obra de Bougeant, de allí su notable importancia y la razón por la que Salvador Lira y quien esto escribe decidiéramos rescatarlo y editarlo en 2021 acompañado de un estudio preliminar (Bougeant 20-23).
This article re-examines the popular concept of Internet addiction, discusses the key problems associated with it, and proposes possible alternatives. The concept of Internet addiction is inadequate ...for several reasons. Addiction may be a correct designation only for the minority of individuals who meet the general criteria for addiction, and it needs to be better demarcated from various patterns of excessive or abnormal use. Addiction to the Internet as a medium does not exist, although the Internet as a medium may play an important role in making some behaviors addictive. The Internet can no longer be separated from other potentially overused media, such as text messaging and gaming platforms. Internet addiction is conceptually too heterogeneous because it pertains to a variety of very different behaviors. Internet addiction should be replaced by terms that refer to the specific behaviors (eg, gaming, gambling, or sexual activity), regardless of whether these are performed online or offline.
O presente resumo propõe-se a discutir as tecnologias digitais no mundo contemporâneo, seu uso e alguns pontos de atenção devido ao imperativo atual de se estar em constante interação digital, ...compartilhando informações a todo momento, como fotos, comentários e opiniões, comprando ou pagando contas. A metodologia é de cunho bibliográfico, amparada nos Estudos Culturais e Educação. Nesse sentido, a discussão parte do conceito de Homos oeconomicus acessibilis, defendida por Saraiva e Loureiro (2017). Segundo as autoras, esse novo sujeito é alguém governado e controlado por meio da sua própria liberdade de navegação na internet. Também é usado o conceito de governamento de Foucault (1999), como novas estratégias de poder menos visíveis, mais complexas e sutis. No mesmo caminho dessa discussão quanto aos tensionamentos provocados pelo mundo digital, são apresentadas as ideias de Morozov no vídeo “Será que a internet é o que Orwell temia?”. A partir dessas reflexões, constata-se que o terreno da internet é cheio de tensionamento e um lugar movediço. Nele se é mais do que controlado: é um lugar de invasão em que se privatiza o comum e se assujeitam os indivíduos. Assim, não basta apenas ampliar o acesso de forma democrática; seria necessário instrumentalizar os indivíduos quanto ao funcionamento da internet e possibilitar a sua participação política efetiva nessa esfera.
