The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complex ecosystem of connected devices that exchange data over a wired or wireless network and whose final aim is to provide services either to humans or machines. ...The IoT has seen rapid development over the past decade. The total number of installed connected devices is expected to grow exponentially in the near future, since more and more domains are looking for IoT solutions. As a consequence, an increasing number of developers are approaching IoT technology for the first time. Unfortunately, the number of IoT-related studies published every year is becoming huge, with the obvious consequence that it would be impossible for anyone to predict the time that could be necessary to find a paper talking about a given problem at hand. This is the reason why IoT-related discussions have become predominant in various practitioners’ forums, which moderate thousands of posts each month. The present paper’s contribution is twofold. First, it aims at providing a holistic overview of the heterogeneous IoT world by taking into account a technology perspective and a business perspective. For each topic taken into account, a tutorial introduction (deliberately devoid of technical content to make this document within the reach of non-technical readers as well) is provided. Then, a table of very recent review papers is given for each topic, as the result of a systematic mapping study.
A transformation is underway in electric power and energy systems (EPESs) to provide clean distributed energy for sustainable global economic growth. Internet of Things (IoT) is at the forefront of ...this transformation imparting capabilities, such as real-time monitoring, situational awareness and intelligence, control, and cyber security to transform the existing EPES into intelligent cyber-enabled EPES, which is more efficient, secure, reliable, resilient, and sustainable. Additionally, digitizing the electric power ecosystem using IoT improves asset visibility, optimal management of distributed generation, eliminates energy wastage, and create savings. IoT has a significant impact on EPESs and offers several opportunities for growth and development. There are several challenges with the deployment of IoT for EPESs. Viable solutions need to be developed to overcome these challenges to ensure continued growth of IoT for EPESs. The advancements in computational intelligence capabilities can evolve an intelligent IoT system by emulating biological nervous systems with cognitive computation, streaming and distributed analytics including at the edge and device levels. This review paper provides an assessment of the role, impact and challenges of IoT in transforming EPESs.
Ubiquitous sensing, provided via wireless sensor networks technologies, disseminates across many domains of contemporary day living. This provides the ability to sense, process, analyze and infer ...environmental parameters from natural resources and delicate ecologies to urban environments. The explosion in the number of devices that are connected to the internet has led to the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) technological revolution. In these technologies, actuators and sensors incorporate smoothly with the IoT environment. Furthermore, the sensed data is shared through platforms to innovate a common operating picture. This cutting-edge technology is fueled by a diversity of IoT devices that enables technologies such as near field communication, embedded actuator, sensor nodes, radio frequency identification tags, and readers. IoT has emerged from its infancy and has established a fully integrated future internet. Different visions of IoT technologies have been reviewed, however, what emerges currently in this field should be faced and displayed via the research community. In this paper, we are keen to discuss the recent worldwide implementation of IoT, where the prime enabling technologies, recent and future communication protocols and application areas that drive IoT research in the near future are explored. Furthermore, the original, recent, future enhancements of all IoT stack's protocols are extensively discussed. Middleware's definition, usages, types and open research challenges are further illustrated. Not only to this extent but rather, this survey details the simulation tools of IoT networks, IoT sensors along with their recent application areas, broad IoT research challenges, as well as in-depth analysis of IoT research history and recommendations that attract current IoT researchers' attention.
Internet of Things (IoT) is an integration of the Sensor, Embedded, Computing, and Communication technologies. The purpose of the IoT is to provide seamless services to anything, anytime at any ...place. IoT technologies play a crucial role everywhere, which brings the fourth revolution of disruptive technologies after the internet and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The Research & Development community has predicted that the impact of IoT will be more than the internet and ICT on society, which improves the well-being of society and industries. Addressing the predominant system-level design aspects like energy efficiency, robustness, scalability, interoperability, and security issues result in the use of a potential IoT system. This paper presents the current state of art of the functional pillars of IoT and its emerging applications to motivate academicians and researches to develop real-time, energy-efficient, scalable, reliable, and secure IoT applications. This paper summarizes the architecture of IoT, with the contemporary status of IoT architectures. Highlights of the IoT system-level issues to develop more advanced real-time IoT applications have been discussed. Millions of devices exchange information using different communication standards, and interoperability between them is a significant issue. This paper provides the current status of the communication standards and application layer protocols used in IoT with the detailed analysis. The computing paradigms like Cloud, Cloudlet, Fog, and Edge computing facilitate IoT with various services like data offloading, resource and device management, etc. In this paper, an exhaustive analysis of Edge Computing in IoT with different edge computing architectures and existing status are deliberated. The widespread adoption of IoT in society has resulted in privacy and security issues. This paper emphasizes on analyzing the security challenges, privacy and security threats, conventional mitigation techniques, and further scope for IoT security. The features like fewer memory footprints, scheduling, real-time task execution, fewer interrupt, and thread switching latency of Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) enables the development of time critical IoT applications. Also, this review offers the analysis of the RTOS's suitable for IoT with the current status and networking stack. Finally, open research issues in IoT system development are discussed.
•A systematic review and synthesis of Internet of Things are presented.•A theoretical framework/conceptual model is developed.•The framework adoption is intended for researchers and ...practitioners.•The framework guides the Internet of Things initiatives.•The framework reveals opportunities for future Internet of Things research.
The Internet of Things (IoT) global arena is massive and growing exponentially. Those in the emerging digital world have recently witnessed the proliferation and impact of IoT-enabled devices. The IoT has provided new opportunities in the technology arena while bringing several challenges to an increased level of concern. This research has both practical and theoretical impetus since IoT is still in its infancy, and yet it is considered by many as the most important technology initiative of today. This study includes a systematic review and synthesis of IoT related literature and the development of a theoretical framework and conceptual model. The review of the literature reveals that the number of applications that make use of the IoT has increased dramatically and spans areas from business and manufacturing to home, health care, and knowledge management. Although IoT can create invaluable data in every industry, it does not occur without its challenges. The theoretical framework developed identifies IoT priority areas and challenges, providing a guide for those leading IoT initiatives and revealing opportunities for future IoT research.
The Internet of Things (IoT) encompasses a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and data processing technologies that can establish connections and exchange data with other ...devices and systems via the Internet. IoT devices are incorporated into various products, ranging from ordinary household items to complex industrial appliances. Despite the increasing demand for IoT, security concerns have impeded its development. This article systematically reviews IoT security research, focusing on vulnerabilities, challenges, technologies, and future directions. It surveys 171 recent publications in the field, providing a comprehensive discussion on the development status, challenges, and solutions in IoT. The article outlines IoT architecture patterns and typical features, evaluates existing limitations, and explores strategies for enhancing IoT security. Additionally, the article delves into known IoT attacks and discusses the security countermeasures and mechanisms to address these challenges. It explores the functional requirements of IoT security and explores related technologies and standards. Finally, the article discusses potential future research directions in IoT security.
Internet of Things (IoT), which will create a huge network of billions or trillions of "Things" communicating with one another, are facing many technical and application challenges. This paper ...introduces the status of IoT development in China, including policies, R&D plans, applications, and standardization. With China's perspective, this paper depicts such challenges on technologies, applications, and standardization, and also proposes an open and general IoT architecture consisting of three platforms to meet the architecture challenge. Finally, this paper discusses the opportunity and prospect of IoT.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the latest example of the System of Systems (SoS), demanding for both innovative and evolutionary approaches to tame its multifaceted aspects. Over the years, ...different IoT methodologies, frameworks, platforms, and tools have been proposed by industry and academia, but the jumbled abundance of such development products have resulted into a high (and disheartening) entry-barrier to IoT system engineering. In this survey, we steer IoT developers by: 1) providing baseline definitions to identify the most suitable class of development products-methodologies, frameworks, platforms, and tools-for their purposes and 2) reviewing seventy relevant products through a comparative and practical approach, based on general SoS engineering features revised in the light of main IoT systems desiderata (i.e., interoperability, scalability, smartness, and autonomy). Indeed, we aim to lessen the confusion related to IoT methodologies, frameworks, platforms, and tools as well as to freeze their current state, for eventually easing the approach towards IoT system engineering.
The Internet of things (IoT) has emerged as a topic of intense interest among the research and industrial community as it has had a revolutionary impact on human life. The rapid growth of IoT ...technology has revolutionized human life by inaugurating the concept of smart devices, smart healthcare, smart industry, smart city, smart grid, among others. IoT devices' security has become a serious concern nowadays, especially for the healthcare domain, where recent attacks exposed damaging IoT security vulnerabilities. Traditional network security solutions are well established. However, due to the resource constraint property of IoT devices and the distinct behavior of IoT protocols, the existing security mechanisms cannot be deployed directly for securing the IoT devices and network from the cyber-attacks. To enhance the level of security for IoT, researchers need IoT-specific tools, methods, and datasets. To address the mentioned problem, we provide a framework for developing IoT context-aware security solutions to detect malicious traffic in IoT use cases. The proposed framework consists of a newly created, open-source IoT data generator tool named IoT-Flock. The IoT-Flock tool allows researchers to develop an IoT use-case comprised of both normal and malicious IoT devices and generate traffic. Additionally, the proposed framework provides an open-source utility for converting the captured traffic generated by IoT-Flock into an IoT dataset. Using the proposed framework in this research, we first generated an IoT healthcare dataset which comprises both normal and IoT attack traffic. Afterwards, we applied different machine learning techniques to the generated dataset to detect the cyber-attacks and protect the healthcare system from cyber-attacks. The proposed framework will help in developing the context-aware IoT security solutions, especially for a sensitive use case like IoT healthcare environment.
IoT (Internet of Things) is a new paradigm which provides a set of new services for the next wave of technological innovations. IoT applications are nearly limitless while enabling seamless ...integration of the cyber-world with the physical world. However, despite the enormous efforts of standardization bodies, alliances, industries, researchers and others, there are still numerous problems to deal with in order to reach the full potential of IoT. These issues should be considered from various aspects such as enabling technologies, applications, business models, social and environmental impacts. In focus of this paper are open issues and challenges considered from the technological perspective. Just for clarification, we put in light different visions that stand behind this paradigm in order to facilitate a better understanding of the IoT's features. Furthermore, this exhaustive survey provides insights into the state-of-the-art of IoT enabling and emerging technologies. The most relevant among them are addressed with some details. The main scope is to deliver a comprehensive overview of open issues and challenges to be tackled by future research. We provide some insights into specific emerging ideas in order to facilitate future research. Also, this paper brings order in the existing literature by classifying contributions according to different research topics.
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