J. Irwin Miller:The Shaping of An American Town tells the life story of this remarkable man who led Cummins Engine Company from its roots as a small, family business to an international Fortune 500 ...company and transformed Columbus, Indiana, into a gem of midcentury modern architecture. As president and then chairman of Cummins, Miller emphasized a corporation's responsibility to the community in which it was located and its other stakeholders. Miller's commitment to Columbus architecture inspired such legends as I. M. Pei, Eliel and Eero Saarinen, Kevin Roche, and others to contribute their designs to what has become one of the most artistically revolutionary towns in the country. Columbus's unique public art and architecture continue to inspire young architects and attract visitors from around the world. Miller has also played a significant role in the American civil rights movement, securing cosponsorship for the March on Washington and working with presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson to help pass the Civil Rights Act. Martin Luther King Jr., once called Miller "the most socially responsible businessman in the country."
Our mind seems to be formatted to imagine a "motionless" material particle (or more accurately a region of spacetime at rest relative to that material particle) fixed in space as an absolute ...reference and to consider the existence of space and time as independent universal entities, as we perceive when we measure them with a ruler and a clock, respectively. Instead, let us first hypothesize that singularities are the absolute reference for the universe, that the speed of light in vacuum (c = 299 792 458 m/s) is universal and absolute, and that deceleration/acceleration is the "driving force" that defines spacetime. Frames of reference anchored on material particles/ objects may be grouped as having zero acceleration (inertial frames), nonzero, constant acceleration (pseudoinertial frames) or nonzero, variable acceleration (noninertial proper frames), so that a noninertial proper frame may be considered as composed of an infinite number of pseudoinertial frames. The universality of c is ensured by its absolute constancy, when both observer and moving beam of photons are in frames of reference differing neither in speed nor in acceleration, as is the case within inertial or pseudoinertial frames, respectively. However, its value (as that of any other speed) is measured as different when the observer is at an inertial or pseudoinertial frame and the beam of photons is moving in another, thus differing in Lorentz factor (y) or acceleration, respectively. Speed, velocity, and acceleration (including the effect of gravity on a material particle/object) are all defined in terms of space and time. However, space and time do not exist as independent universal entities, as they are integral components of one and the same inextricable physical entity, spacetime. Assuming spacetime forms a continuum, it is expected that anything affecting one will affect the other. This has been widely recognized for gravity, but not for speed--something which becomes clearer if we assume that it should in fact be acceleration/ deceleration that moves a material particle from one frame of reference into another. Several conditions that are grouped under gravity-dependent and non-gravity-dependent act individually or in combination to submit a matter particle to acceleration. Therefore, when perceived from the Earth (or any other place at v < 299 792 458 m/s), any departure from c caused by deceleration should expand space and contract time. Any further deceleration or subsequent acceleration (for as long as v < c) will alter spacetime. Hence, in astrophysics, deceleration rather than acceleration should be the main driving or direct physical quantity. It is proposed that any deceleration/acceleration distorts spacetime. A method to combine the effects of several conditions that define the acceleration status of a material particle in spacetime is proposed. The higher v/c and/or gravity-dependent acceleration, the greater time dilation and space contraction will be. At the singularity, time dilation and space contraction will be maxima. The actual "position" of a material particle in spacetime may therefore be defined by the sum of all changes it suffered in deceleration/acceleration (due to changes in gravity-dependent and non-gravity-dependent accelerations) since the singularity. The impossibility of exceeding the speed of light in vacuum is discussed and tentatively demonstrated. In line with the present hypothesis, both time and space are relative, but only partially due to the limits imposed by c, opening the possibility for the concept of spacetime partial relativity. According to our proposal, spacetime is defined by a special form of deceleration, which we have termed relativistic or Lorentz deceleration: it is a deceleration-dependent elastic property of any matter particle moving at v < c. It expands/contracts precisely because of the effect of deceleration/acceleration on matter particles moving at v < c. According to these views, defining a singularity should depend on the perspective. When perceived from the Earth or any other place at v < c, a singularity is a spaceless point of infinite density, associated with the speed of light and where a second lasts forever. However, when "perceived" from within a singularity, space is there and time flows. Based on this work, a singularity may be defined in higher detail as the embryonic state of the universe (or a part of it), associated with two universal absolute constants: the speed of photons (c = 299 792 458 m/s) and the quantity of spacetime. It also corresponds to a standard spacetime condition, in which time is dilated and space contracted to maximum values. The Big Bang is interpreted not as an explosion or bang, but rather as an infinitesimal deceleration from the singularity, thus triggering the initial exponential space expansion and time contraction and leading to matter formation. Neither space nor time are created or destroyed--They are always there since the singularity but vary widely in contraction/expansion magnitude with each precise spacetime condition, as deceleration-dependent fluctuations take place in spacetime. Gravity, an inherent property of matter, and entropy are key players in the subsequent evolution of the universe. Uncountable successive and cumulative changes in deceleration suffered by material particles determine the precise conditions they occupy at each moment in spacetime, thus allowing the build-up of a gigantic and highly dynamic noninertial frame of reference, i.e., our universe. Individual observers at single points of the universe should all see light photons moving in vacuum at 299 792 458 m/s (or any material particle/object moving at v < 299 792 458 m/s) and perceive space and time identically, each within their own spacetime condition. Differences arise only when one observer "looks" at other observers in distinct spacetime conditions. An attempt is made to interpret spacetime and light when we "look" at frames of reference distinct from our own, since this is precisely what we "see" when we observe the universe from the Earth. Cosmological models are typically based on several assumptions. The hypothesis formulated in the present article is no different, with a singularity as its major reference. We conceptualize on a cosmological model that challenges some currently accepted views of the universe. Key words: Singularity; Space; Spacetime; Spacetime Partial Relativity; Speed of Light; Time; Frame of Reference; Relativistic Deceleration; Lorentz Deceleration; Big Bang. Notre esprit semble formate pour imaginer une particule materielle ''immobile'' (ou, plus precisement, une region de l'espace-temps au repos par rapport a cette particule materielle) fixee dans l'espace comme une reference absolue et pour considerer l'existence de l'espace et du temps comme des entites universelles independantes, comme nous le percevons lorsque nous les mesurons avec une regle et une horloge, respectivement. Au lieu de cela, emettons d'abord l'hypothese que les singularites sont la reference absolue pour l'univers, que la vitesse de la lumiere dans le vide (c = 299 792 458 m/s) est universelle et absolue, et que la deceleration/acceleration est la "force motrice" qui definit l'espace-temps. Les referentiels ancres sur des particules/objets materiels peuvent etre regroupes comme ayant une acceleration nulle (referentiels inertiels), une acceeleeration constante non nulle (reefeerentiels pseudo-inertiels), ou une acceeleeration variable non nulle (referentiels propres non inertiels), de sorte qu'un referentiel propre non inertiel peut etre considere comme compose d'un nombre infini de referentiels pseudo-inertiels. L'universalite de c est assureee par sa constance absolue lorsque l'observateur et le faisceau mobile de photons sont dans des reefeerentiels ne diffeerant ni en vitesse ni en acceeleeration, comme c'est le cas dans les reefeerentiels inertiels ou pseudo-inertiels, respectivement. Cependant, sa valeur (comme celle de toute autre vitesse) est mesuree comme differente lorsque l'observateur est dans un referentiel inertiel ou pseudo-inertiel et le faisceau de photons se deeplace dans un autre, diffeerant ainsi respectivement en facteur de Lorentz (y) ou en acceleration. Vitesse et acceleration (y compris l'effet de la gravite sur une particule/un objet materiel) sont les deux definies en termes d'espace et de temps. Cependant, l'espace et le temps n'existent pas en tant qu'entites universelles independantes, car ils sont des composants inteegraux d'une seule et meme entitee physique inextricable, l'espace-temps. En supposant que l'espace-temps forme un continuum, on s'attend que tout ce qui affecte l'un affecte l'autre. Cela a eetee largement reconnu pour la gravitee, mais pas pour la vitesse - ce qui devient plus clair si nous supposons qu'une acceleration/deceferation deplace une particule materielle d'un referentiel a un autre. Plusieurs conditions regroupees selon la dependance de la gravite et l'independence de la gravite, agissent individuellement ou en combinaison pour soumettre une particule materielle a l'acceleration. Par consequent, lorsqu'il est percu de la Terre (ou de tout autre endroit a v < 299 792 458 m/s), tout ecart par rapport a c cause par la deceleration devrait etendre l'espace et contracter le temps. Toute deeceeleeration suppleementaire ou acceeleeration ulteerieure (quand v < c) modifiera l'espace-temps. Par consequent, en astrophysique, la deceleration plutot que l'acceleration devrait etre la principale quantite motrice ou physique directe. Il est propose que toute deceleration/ acceleration va deformer l'espace-temps. Une methode pour combiner les effets de plusieurs conditions qui definissent l'etat d'acceferation d'une particule materielle dans l'espace-temps est proposee. Plus l'acceleration v/c et/ou la dependance de la gravite est elevee, plus elevee la dilatation du temps et la contraction de l'espace seront. A l
May Irwin Ammen, Sharon
12/2016, Letnik:
398
eBook
May Irwin reigned as America's queen of comedy and song from the 1880s through the 1920s. A genuine pop culture phenomenon, Irwin conquered the legitimate stage, composed song lyrics, and parlayed ...her celebrity into success as a cookbook author, suffragette, and real estate mogul. Sharon Ammen's in-depth study traces Irwin's hurly-burly life. Irwin gained fame when, layering aspects of minstrelsy over ragtime, she popularized a racist "Negro song" genre. Ammen examines this forgotten music, the society it both reflected and entertained, and the ways white and black audiences received Irwin's performances. She also delves into Irwin's hands-on management of her image and career, revealing how Irwin carefully built a public persona as a nurturing housewife whose maternal skills and performing acumen reinforced one another. Irwin's act, soaked in racist song and humor, built a fortune she never relinquished. Yet her career's legacy led to a posthumous obscurity as the nation that once adored her evolved and changed.
FOB vs modified Irwin: What are we doing? Gauvin, David V.; Zimmermann, Zachary J.
Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods,
05/2019, Letnik:
97
Journal Article
Recenzirano
There is a general sentiment in the nonclinical safety assessment literature and the proponents of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human ...Use (ICH), that the “Modified Irwin” and the Functional Observation Battery are distinct and unique assays for the nonclinical assessment of the central nervous system (CNS). We identify and defend the position that the Irwin screen was developed as an FOB and both terms refer to a single, unitary functional assay. In giving credit to one prominent contributor to any one significant discipline of science for a specific assay, orientation, or theory may have an exclusionary influence on the merits of other prominent contributors within the same research arena. Scientific organizations as well as journal and textbook editors have attempted to unify the nomenclature used within a scientific discipline to make the disciplines conform to non-attributional surname nomenclatures. For example, the Salk-Sabin immunization is simply referred to as the polio vaccine. The “Skinner box” is now the “operant chamber” and “Pavlovian conditioning” is now “respondent conditioning”. In 1968, Samuel Irwin established an operational method of analysis used for measuring drug effects in purpose bred laboratory animals. We present and defend the view that the behavioral screening assay developed by Irwin is, for all intents and purposes, a functional observational battery (FOB). We take the position that in standardizing nomenclature without “surnames” the FOB is simply the contemporary name for the data collection system in use under the harmonized safety pharmacology guidelines.
We present a unifying approach that describes both surface bending and fracture in the same geometrical framework. An immediate outcome of this view is a prediction for a new mechanical transition: ...the buckling-fracture transition. Using responsive gel strips that are subjected to nonuniform osmotic stress, we show the existence of the transition: Thin plates do not fracture. Instead, they release energy via buckling, even at strains that can be orders of magnitude larger than the Griffith fracture criterion. The analysis of the system reveals the dependence of the transition on system's parameters and agrees well with experimental results. Finally, we suggest a new description of a mode I crack as a line distribution of Gaussian curvature. It is thus exchangeable with extrinsic generation of curvature via buckling. The work opens the way for the study of mechanical problems within a single nonlinear framework. It suggests that fracture driven by internal stresses can be completely avoided by a proper geometrical design.
Financial technology (FinTech) is widely recognised as important in addressing financial inclusion. However, limited research theorises how new entrants and incumbents work together in FinTech ...ecosystems to shape financial inclusion. We undertake a theory-generating case study with multilevel interacting organisations in Ghana, where, like many other African countries, the growth in FinTech has led to new opportunities for financial inclusion. We conceptualise three practices, as building blocks at the ecosystem level, through which incumbents and new entrants shape financial inclusion: (1) innovative and collaborative practices, (2) protectionist and equitable practices, and (3) legitimising and sustaining practices. We articulate a theoretical model that explains how the practices shape financial inclusion and propose three theoretical propositions of how financial inclusion in developing countries is being scaled and shaped in terms of actors, relationships, and practices.
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