When turmoil strikes world monetary and financial markets, leaders invariably call for 'a new Bretton Woods' to prevent catastrophic economic disorder and defuse political conflict. The name of the ...remote New Hampshire town where representatives of forty-four nations gathered in July 1944, in the midst of the century's second great war, has become shorthand for enlightened globalization. The actual story surrounding the historic Bretton Woods accords, however, is full of startling drama, intrigue, and rivalry, which are vividly brought to life in Benn Steil's epic account.
Upending the conventional wisdom that Bretton Woods was the product of an amiable Anglo-American collaboration, Steil shows that it was in reality part of a much more ambitious geopolitical agenda hatched within President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Treasury and aimed at eliminating Britain as an economic and political rival. At the heart of the drama were the antipodal characters of John Maynard Keynes, the renowned and revolutionary British economist, and Harry Dexter White, the dogged, self-made American technocrat. Bringing to bear new and striking archival evidence, Steil offers the most compelling portrait yet of the complex and controversial figure of White--the architect of the dollar's privileged place in the Bretton Woods monetary system, who also, very privately, admired Soviet economic planning and engaged in clandestine communications with Soviet intelligence officials and agents over many years.
A remarkably deft work of storytelling that reveals how the blueprint for the postwar economic order was actually drawn,The Battle of Bretton Woodsis destined to become a classic of economic and political history.
Sixty years after his death, the life and thought of the economist, John Maynard Keynes, continues to be a subject of the greatest interest to scholars. Yet one of the most significant areas of ...Keynes' thinking has been strangely overlooked - international relations, a subject that was always of central importance to him. The purpose of this book is to explore comprehensively, for the first time, the evolution of Keynes' thinking on international relations , and to show how this is linked to the changing of his opinions on economic matters, in a way which deepens our understanding of both. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/0198292368/toc.html
Alfred Marshall was one of the most important economists ever to have lived. This excellent new book, from a Marshall expert respected the world over, attempts to show that Marshall anticipated some ...of the views that are now associated with the cognitive sciences.
Examining Marshall's philosophy of the human mind, his overall approach to economics, his concern for socio-economic issues, and the fertility of his framework, this book breathes fresh life into the fascinating world of Marshallian economics.
Adjudicative tribunals in both criminal and non-criminal cases rely on the concept of the 'burden of proof' to resolve uncertainty about facts. Perhaps surprisingly, this concept remains clouded and ...deeply controversial. Written by an internationally renowned scholar, this book explores contemporary thinking on the evidential requirements that are critical for all practical decision-making, including adjudication. Although the idea that evidence must favor one side over the other to a specified degree, such as 'beyond reasonable doubt', is familiar, less well-understood is an idea associated with the work of John Maynard Keynes, namely that there are requirements on the total amount of evidence considered to decide the case. The author expertly explores this distinct Keynesian concept and its implications. Hypothetical examples and litigated cases are included to assist understanding of the ideas developed. Implications include an expanded conception of the burden of producing evidence and how it should be administered.
O choque frontal nas páginas da Economica entre Friedrich A. Hayek e John Maynard Keynes em 1931 foi singular em escala e influência. Apesar deste evento ter tido intensas repercussões na profissão ...como um todo, em 1943 ocorreu um episódio menos conhecido envolvendo ambos. Hayek e Keynes entraram em controvérsia sobre as refundações do sistema monetário internacional no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial e a proposta da moeda baseada em reservas de commodities. Esse round foi negligenciado, mas é historicamente relevante, já que foi o único debate público com engajamento ativo de ambos os lados em uma revista profissional depois de 1931. Ademais, o mesmo é representativo da relação madura pessoal e intelectual de Hayek e Keynes, marcado por convergência, diálogo e amizade. Essa colaboração foi particularmente desenvolvida quando a London School of Economics (LSE) teve de ser evacuada para Cambridge durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial e Keynes arranjou acomodações para Hayek no King's College, Cambridge.
The current pandemic crisis, which is far from being over, has led to a significant paradigm shift in economics. In a turbulent environment in which the labor market has encountered a long series of ...changes generated by the processes of automation, robotization and digitalization, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that a workforce with digital skills can quickly adjust to new circumstances. Since novel issues, such as restrictions on internal movement and distorted supply chains, put major stress on the labor market, it seems that there is an urgent need for reshaping economies and following up-to-date technological trends. Moreover, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of scholars and policymakers expressed their concerns about the volatility of employment and the weak ability of labor to adapt to new types of jobs. Within this framework, our paper aims to analyze the plausible impacts of digital efficiency on the future development of the labor market. Based upon the assumption that employment is facing ongoing challenges and the labor market is constantly being reshaped by technological trends, our study attempts to provide a pragmatic analysis of the effects of digital skills and the use of the Internet on salaries and wages in EU member states. Since, according to our results, the levels of salaries and wages are strongly correlated with digital proficiency and Internet usage, a consistent effort to increase the digital skills of individuals may be required to achieve a more effective and flexible labor market.
CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykulu jest porownanie podejscia do polityki pieniyznej dwoch najwybitniejszych ekonomistow XX w.: Miltona Friedmana i Johna Maynarda Keynesa. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: W ...artykule wykorzystano melody analizy prac obu ekonomistow, melody porowna wcza oraz prosla melody opisowa, Oparto siy na oryginalnych pracach Keynesa i Friedmana oraz publikacjach innych wspolczesnych autordw. PROCES WYWODU: Friedman byl liberalem, wierzacym w sprawne funkcjonowanie mechanizmu rynkowego; Keynes zwolennikiem interwencjonizmu paristwowego. Argumentacja obu ekonomistow w zakresie polityki monetarnej byla wynikiem priorytetow, jakie stawiali przed poliIyka gospodarcza. Dia Keynesa najwazniejsza byla walka z bezrobociem, dla Friedmana - z inflacja. Dlatego Keynes preferowal polilyky fiskalna, jako skuleczniejsza w wyprowadzaniu gospodarki z kryzysu, Friedman zas polilyky mono lama naslawiona na przeciwdzialanie inflacji. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Stanowisko obu ekonomistow do polityki monetarnej bylo rozne. Podkreslono aktualnosc podejscia keynesowskiego w latach ostatniego kryzysu finansowego. Po jego zakoriczeniu wrocono jednak do bardziej liberalnej polityki pieniyznej. WNIOSKI, INNO WACJE, REKOMEND ACJE:Artykul stanowi przyczynek do badan nad wspolczesna Leoria monetary i wynikajaca z niej polilyka, prezen Lujac dwie rozne koncepcje.
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